Unified Tariff and Qualification Directory of Works and Professions of Workers (ETKS), 2019
Part No. 2 of issue No. 37 ETKS
The issue is approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of August 29, 2001 N 65

cane harvester

§ 1. Cane harvester of the 3rd category

Job Description. Mowing cane, cattail and kug cutter, mower, urak. Knitting in sheaves, removal and laying of sheaves and untied cane in shocks, shisha, stacks and stacks. Preparation of a tow of kugi and cattail for tying sheaves.

Must know: signs of cane maturity; rules and techniques for mowing reeds, cattails and coogies by hand; sizes and methods of knitting sheaves; rules for laying sheaves and untied reeds in shocks, shisha, stacks and stacks.

Comments on the profession

The given tariff and qualification characteristics of the profession " cane harvester» serve for billing of works and assignment of tariff categories in accordance with article 143 Labor Code Russian Federation. Based on the above job characteristics and the requirements for professional knowledge and skills, a job description for a cane harvester is drawn up, as well as documents required for interviewing and testing when applying for a job. When compiling work (job) instructions, pay attention to general provisions and recommendations for this issue of ETKS (see the Introduction section).

We draw your attention to the fact that the same and similar names of working professions can be found in different issues of ETKS. You can find similar names with

A knife for cutting cane (machete) as such in Moscow, of course, is unlikely to come in handy. It will be in demand in the case of long extreme trips in the wild, when it is necessary to clear the path, thickets that interfere with the passage or prepare the overgrown river bank for fishing. Thanks to the large blade that widens towards the top, the machete has excellent cutting properties. It is indispensable when clearing a place for a tourist overnight stay, harvesting small dried wood or wood chips for a fire.

Knives for cutting bones

A heavy bone-cutting knife with a wide blade and a strong edge should have good toughness. This will maintain the integrity of the cutting edge even with strong impacts. For such purposes, models made according to the type of axes are excellent.

When choosing, it is important to pay attention to the quality of steel, the shape of the blade and handle. From a combination of these criteria and general design the product will depend not only on its cost, but also on how well the blade will cope with its functions. Our experts confidently understand all the intricacies of the choice and will help you buy a model that you like.

The machete is a knife, the length of which is 50 centimeters. As for the thickness of the butt, it rarely exceeds a few millimeters. It is often used on plantations to harvest sugar cane. It turns out that it is an analogue of a sickle.

This agricultural implement is made of rather low-quality steel. Because of this, such tools can only be used for cutting down plants. Relatively recently, the machete has gained considerable popularity in Russia.

The above tool is not in vain actively used in the forest. This is due to some of the advantages of the machete over other specialized knives. Machetes are characterized by low weight, small dimensions and versatility of use.
A machete can be compared to a camping axe. The last one weighs a little more. True, if you take a small camping ax, it will weigh even less than a machete. For example, the approximate weight of a machete is 600 grams, and a small ax can be about 100 grams lighter. It turns out that in comparison with a camping ax, a machete is not such a good option.

As for the dimensions, the machete is several centimeters longer than the ax. Not everyone will find it convenient to use a long knife. Despite the versatility of the application, with the help of a machete it will not be possible to chop logs. More precisely, this process will take too much time.

The main types of machete

The most popular are machetes, which combine the properties of an ax and a long knife. These include the so-called kukri machetes and Middle American knives. They are distinguished by a very specific curve of the blade, which allows you to cut sugar cane much more efficiently. For example, the kukri machete has big weight top part. This is due to their high productivity in the cutting process.

Usually folding machetes without a pronounced tip are used for harvesting sugar cane. Engineering variants of long machete knives are widespread, as they can perform several useful functions at the same time. The Taiga machete allows you to chop, cut, saw and dig. Such multifunctional devices are often used in survival kits for crews and special forces.

Sugar cane is a cereal annual plant with a long history of cultivation. It is the only source of sugar production in Africa and some Asian countries. India is considered to be the ancestral home of sugar cane, the soldiers of Alexander the Great were the first to try the honey plant when, in the process of conquest, the locals introduced them to sugar cane.

The rational use of the sugar plant is waste-free. Sugar, drinks and sweets are just a few of the things that can be obtained from processing sugar cane. Sugar cane processed products are in great demand in the domestic and foreign markets.

Sugar made from sugar cane

Brown cane sugar is considered to be more natural than beet sugar. Crystalline sweet grains are obtained from cane through multi-level processing. Cane sugar is considered one of the most ancient sweets of the East.

Brown cane sugar glucose is of higher quality, it nourishes the brain and liver activity of the body and contributes to an energy surge in general. Such sugar is considered less harmful, due to the content of vegetable fibers in it.

One of the distinguishing features of cane sugar is its high content of glucose and sucrose, amounting to up to 2% of the weight of the stem. This fact assumes cleaning without a large number lime, and without a bleaching component, thereby increasing the competitive component of the naturalness of brown cane sugar over white beet sugar.

The main production of cane processing plants is raw sugar. Only some industrial factories bring cane sugar to the state of refined sugar. But in both cases, the primary processing of raw sugar is the same, the only difference is that the raw sugar undergoes additional processing in the form of recrystallization of the same raw sugar.

The processing of raw sugar begins with the fact that panicles and leaves must be removed before pressing, that is, only the stem falls under the press to extract juice. The juice is then evaporated to a concentrated syrup. The syrup, in turn, undergoes boiling and crystallization. After complete processing, cane sugar is packaged and supplied to the markets.

One cup of coffee or tea with cane sugar will charge you with energy and positive mood for the whole day, besides, cane sweetness contains microelements and B vitamins in its composition.

How to plant sugar cane

Unpretentious sugar cane, similar to bamboo and wild cane, grows vertically up the stem, covered with long leaves. Sweet cane, non-waste unique plant. Cardboard and paper are obtained from its pulp, and biofuels are obtained from it, used as fertilizers.

To plant sugarcane, due attention must be paid to planting material and soil. The thicker the trunk of the reed, the more suitable the plant for planting.

The upper and side leaves are removed, and the reed itself is divided with a knife or secateurs into pieces about 35 cm.

A furrow up to 20 cm deep is watered abundantly and fertilized with compost, then the cuttings are laid horizontally and covered with soil. In two weeks, the first "sugar" shoots will appear. Shoots grow from the formed nodes of the cane stem and require regular watering.

It takes about 4 months for a sugar plant to reach maturity. Plant care is important only at first, while the seedlings are young, when the cane reaches maturity, it will kill the weeds and be able to tolerate drought.

Planting sugarcane with seeds involves early agrotechnical measures to prepare the soil with the introduction of nitroammophos, compost and the selection of seeds.
And in the spring, when the soil warms up, it is planted in holes 2 cm deep, plantings are cared for according to the schedule and as needed. In July, the plant begins to grow actively, adding 3 cm per day to growth. Moderate fertilizing, regular watering and breaking off panicles are a must for growing sugar cane. Watering with superphosphate when the reed leaf turns red is mandatory.

The reed reaches a height of 2 or even 3 meters in maturity, and three months after germination, when the seeds turn brown, you can start harvesting. Each day of delay in the harvesting of sugar cane, leads to a loss of up to 3% of sugar by the plant.

Cultivation of sugar cane

Oddly enough, the cultivation of sugar cane in Russia on an industrial scale is recognized as inexpedient. However, many gardeners do not deny themselves the pleasure of watching the vegetation process of this plant and even make homemade sugar.

In order for the reed to grow, it needs to be allocated a well-lit place on the site. Before planting, you need to prepare the site, dig it up, apply mineral fertilizers, and organic matter is introduced in the fall.

A simple way of planting is seed, today there is a sufficient amount of seed material for sale, for any needs of a summer resident. When the soil warms up to 12 degrees, you can start sowing. Seedlings will appear in two weeks.

If the cane is grown in favorable conditions, it is not susceptible to disease and grows rapidly. It is better to cut the reed in a timely manner so that the trunk is strong and thick, and planting is carried out at a distance of at least 35 cm between plants and half a meter between rows.

It is enough to water the reed three times a week, and weed it as needed, until the plant reaches half a meter in height, after which the sugar plant will be able to get rid of weeds on its own, taking useful substances from the soil and clogging other vegetation.

Aerated soil has a good effect on the growth rate of the reed, so do not neglect the hilling of young plants. After three to four months, the sugar cane will begin to ripen and throw back panicles with grains, during this period, the collection of cane for sugar should begin.

Sugar cane harvesting should begin four months after germination. On an industrial scale, harvesting is carried out with specialized equipment, and small areas of cane are harvested by hand. Sugar stalks before flowering, cut off with special knives or cutting devices, under the root and cleared of foliage.

Cultivated sugar cane, when properly processed, can produce a much higher yield of sugar than sugar beets. About 70% of the world's sugar is obtained from cultivated sugar cane.

In order to obtain high-quality sugar during processing, harvesting times must be accurately calculated. Each day of delay in harvesting, reduce the percentage of sugar in the cane. Another thing is when sugar cane is planted for fodder purposes.

For harvesting sugar cane, they use: cane harvesters and machines, and it is also possible to use sorghum harvesting equipment, with their help, by direct mowing, harvesting (safra) takes place.

Sugarcane seeds: collection, storage

Sugar cane seeds are short-lived, their viability lasts up to six months. You can harvest sugar cane when the cane leaves panicles and they turn brown. However, in central Russia, it is difficult to achieve full ripening of cane seeds due to inappropriate climatic conditions. And in the southern regions of our country, during normal planting, without additional agrotechnical measures, sugarcane seeds rarely fully ripen.

One "sugar" panicle, with proper care, brings about 600 seeds, when planted, they will be enough for one hundred square meters of land. When collecting seeds, the panicles are broken off, threshed and sieved, you can pick the panicle with your hands, and then dry the seeds. Due to the fragility of the seeds, they can be stored in a cloth bag, no later than until next year.

sugarcane processing

Cane sugar without additional processing is unsuitable for consumption and further storage. Therefore, additional processing or refining is considered the optimal cycle to complete the production of cane sugar.

The technology for obtaining sugar from cane is similar to the method for obtaining sugar from sugar beets. Both technologies for processing raw materials include several identical steps:

• Product grinding
• Obtaining juice from a processed product
• Purification of juice from additional impurities
• Juice thickening to syrup concentration by evaporation method
• Crystallization of the concentrate and its transformation into sugar
• Drying of the finished product

Juice is extracted by crushing, pressing and further pressing the cane raw materials. Thanks to a special technology of processing cane with water, with the help of a press, almost one hundred percent extraction of juice from raw materials is achieved. The juice goes through the cleaning procedure through the pulp trap and accumulates in the measuring cups.

The pulp, in turn, returns to the press, and carries out a secondary pressing together with the primary mass of the supplied raw materials. The juice, after cleaning, undergoes a procedure of cold or hot defecation with lime. In this way, organic acids are neutralized and a neutral, soluble lime salt is formed. In the process of cold defecation, the juice is mixed with milk of lime, mixed and placed in settling tanks. In order for the sugar to settle, the settling tanks are heated, and a thick concentrated mass is obtained at the bottom, with juice on top.

The thick mass is subjected to a filter press, and the juice is drained. With another method, the condensed syrup enters the vacuum apparatus and for cooking into the massecuite. The resulting welded mass is placed in the mother's massecuite for crystallization and cooling. After that, the sugar is whitened in a centrifuge. The fine sand obtained during the production of sugar is re-loaded into the crystallizer and undergoes the procedure for re-melting the product and is placed in vacuum apparatuses for all massecuite massecuites, for boiling subsequent syrups.

The production of cane sugar described above is somewhat different from the production of sugar from beets. The first difference is that the cane is pressed on roller presses, and the beets are extracted in a diffusion battery. The second difference is the stages of juice purification, and processing with the least amount of lime than in the production of granulated sugar from beets.

Cane sugar: good or bad?

Cane sugar is 90% sucrose and is digested faster. In addition, it also contains trace elements: potassium, calcium and iron. It is better to use unrefined cane sugar, it is more natural. It is better to give preference in the store to cane sugar in a transparent package in order to closely examine the product, this will help to distinguish natural cane sugar from colored beet sugar.

The first difference of cane sugar is its unformed appearance and a strong aroma of molasses, incomparable to the smell of white sugar. In addition, natural cane sugar has brown shade However, there is also white cane sugar. How to distinguish them? Distinguish fake from natural product, a cup of water will help, dissolving a brown piece of sugar in it, the water should remain unchanged, but if staining occurs, then you have a fake.

Cane sugar passes fewer cycles processing than beetroot, so there is an opinion that it retains more nutrients.

Cane sugar improves brain activity, improves mood, gives a charge of vivacity, by replenishing the body's energy reserves. Cane sugar is contraindicated for people suffering from diabetes and intolerance to glucose and galactose.