The enterprise is the basis for the development of possible options for its energy supply and measures to save energy resources.

Fuel and energy balance is a comprehensive characteristic of the consumption of thermal energy, steam, condensate losses in the specific conditions of a given production. The components of this balance are the expenditure and income parts. The expenditure part determines all articles of thermal energy consumption, the income part determines the coverage of this consumption.

The fuel and energy balance determines the rational use and reserves for saving energy resources, allows you to outline their optimal structure. The optimal structure of the fuel and energy balance of an industrial enterprise means the use of various kinds fuel and energy both by individual categories of consumers and by the entire enterprise, at which the total cost of energy resources (for a given production volume) will be the smallest. The choice of the optimal structure is difficult, since it requires a large amount of information about the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise, the possibility of using different types of fuel, etc. In addition, calculations have shown that the optimal balance structure for the production of one type of product is not the same for other types products manufactured by the same company.

Development of the optimal structure fuel and energy balance of an industrial enterprise carried out using the methods of mathematical modeling. Their essence lies in the compilation of an economic and mathematical model that describes the structure of the fuel and energy balance of enterprises in numerical indices. As an optimality criterion, the minimum fuel and energy costs required to produce a given volume of products can be taken.

When solving optimization problems, it should be borne in mind that only those categories of consumers are considered for which the interchangeability of various types of energy resources is possible. Constraints in the balance model are: the volume of production, resources and type of fuel and energy. Each constraint increases the number of equations in the mathematical model by one. The constraint is written in the form of inequalities that fix the upper and lower limits of the consumption of a given resource.

The economic-mathematical model for optimizing the fuel and energy balance of an industrial enterprise characterizes the optimal fuel consumption /(x) for carrying out technological processes and has the form

with restrictions:

It follows from the inequality that the consumption of this type of energy resource in the production of all types of products should not exceed a given volume. The possibility of using any other technological method is also limited.

The considered model allows solving the problem of optimizing the fuel and energy balance for any type of manufactured product, various methods of its technological processing, various types of consumed energy resources.

To compile an economic and mathematical model of the fuel and energy balance of an enterprise, the following information is required: the volume of production of various types of products, data on technological methods production of each type of product, technical and economic indicators for each method of production, data on the possible resources of various types of fuel and energy. The information received is carefully analyzed.

When evaluating technical and economic indicators, it is allowed to use enlarged approximate indicators of the efficiency of the use of fuel and energy resources by certain categories of consumers. It is possible to take into account the specific consumption of energy resources in each subdivision. After its determination, their total consumption is found in the volume of the entire production.

The problem of optimizing the fuel and energy balance is solved by modern mathematical methods, in particular, by the method of linear programming.

An integral part of the fuel and energy balances of enterprises are heat balances, which characterize the ratio between the amount of thermal energy received by enterprises and its consumption for various needs.

The amount of thermal energy received is determined by the fuel consumption, specific heat of combustion, energy loss in the boiler unit and during the transportation of the coolant. Accounting for the consumption of thermal energy is carried out according to the following items: for the production of the entire range of products, heating, ventilation, hot water supply, and other expenses.

Compilation of thermal balances of enterprises requires the introduction of metering devices for fuel consumption, heat carriers and electricity into production.

If the heat carrier at the enterprise is water vapor, then a steam condensate balance is drawn up, which takes into account the degree of steam consumption and the return of condensate to the boiler room. Drawing up the steam condensate balance, as well as the fuel and energy balance as a whole, is fraught with difficulties due to the lack of temperature control devices and accounting for the flow of heat carriers.

Steam and condensate balances can be drawn up for the shops, for the entire enterprise as a whole, for each consumer, with subsequent summation for the shops and the enterprise. In the steam condensate balances for the shops and the enterprise as a whole, the reasons for the loss of condensate are not revealed. In the case of calculating the steam consumption for each consumer, the causes of losses are clarified.

The steam condensate balance has the form (kg/s)

Condensate losses are made up of losses in mixers, condensate pipelines and fittings.

On the basis of steam condensate balances, heat balances are compiled that characterize the degree of use of condensate thermal energy (kW)

Considering that both live and deaf steam are used in heat exchange equipment, it is possible to determine the amount of usefully used heat of the condensate (GJ / period)

The degree of perfection of the condensate system is determined using the condensate heat utilization factor

The main purpose of the energy balance is

• analysis and evaluation of the efficiency of the use of energy resources in the design of new enterprises,
• operation of existing enterprises,
• and in implementing and improving energy efficiency.

The energy balance of an enterprise for energy audit allows you to see the difference between the amounts of supplied and useful energy used.

This is especially evident in the energy balance diagram:

Energy balance of the enterprise - diagram

The term "energy balance" itself expresses full quantitative correspondence (equality) for a certain time interval between the consumption and receipt of energy and fuel of all types in the energy sector of the enterprise.

The energy balances of the enterprise are general (consolidated) and private

• The overall energy balance should reflect all types of energy resources.
• The private energy balance takes into account, as a rule, only one type of energy resource or energy carrier.

The report of an industrial enterprise on the consumption of energy resources over a certain period of time is an example of a general or consolidated energy balance.

The private energy balance may reflect the use of fuel, heat from heating and hot water systems, ventilation systems, etc.

According to the methods of compilation, they distinguish

• instrumental or experienced energy balance,
• estimated energy balance of the enterprise for energy audit,
• experimental-calculated energy balance.

An experimental energy balance is compiled using stationary or portable measuring instruments.

The estimated energy balance of the enterprise is compiled on the basis of thermal, technological and other types of calculation.

Often, calculations of the components of energy balances are carried out according to aggregated indicators, i.e. specific consumption rates of each type of fuel and energy resources per unit of production or technological process.

Also, the energy balances of enterprises differ in terms of

• by types of resources (gas, coal, motor fuel),
• by stages of energy flow (extraction, processing, transformation, transportation, storage, use),
• for energy facilities (power plants,), individual enterprises, workshops, sections, power plants, units, etc.,
• by purpose (power processes, thermal, electrochemical, lighting, air conditioning, communications and control, etc.),
• by level of use (with the allocation of useful energy and losses).

An obligatory component of the energy balance should be an assessment of energy losses.

Classification of energy balance losses of an enterprise

By area of ​​origin:

• when mining
• during storage
• during transportation,
• during processing,
• when converting,
• using,
• when recycling.

Physically and by nature

• heat loss to the environment with flue gases, process products, process waste, material carryover, chemical and physical underburning, cooling water, etc.
• electricity losses in transformers, chokes, current conductors, electrodes, power lines, power plants, etc.
• leakage losses
• hydraulic pressure losses during throttling, friction losses during the movement of liquid (steam, gas) through pipelines, taking into account local resistances of the latter
• mechanical losses due to friction of moving parts of machines and mechanisms

For reasons of occurrence

• due to design flaws
• as a result of not optimally selected technological mode of operation
• as a result of improper operation of the units
• as a result of defective products, etc.
• for other reasons

Energy balance calculation for a textile dryer

The textile dryer uses 4 m³ of gas per hour and dries 60 kg. clothes.

The clothes are dried from a humidity level of 55% to 10%.

Let's calculate the gas efficiency of the dryer.

The calorific value of gas is 38,231 kJ/m³.

Accordingly, 100% of the heat from combustion of 4 m³ of gas is 152,924 kJ

60 kg. wet clothes (moisture level 55%) contains:

60 kg. * 55% = 33 kg. water

60 kg. - 33 kg. = 27 kg. dry clothes

Our dryer dries clothes from 55% moisture to 10%.

10% humidity in clothes is 3 kg. Accordingly, the dryer evaporates 30 kg. water per hour.

The heat required to vaporize 1 kg. water - 2257 kJ

Accordingly, for evaporation of 30 kg. water is needed 2257 kJ * 30 = 67 710 kJ

Dryer energy efficiency:

67,710 kJ / 152,924 kJ = 44%

Accordingly, 44% of the energy that the dryer consumes is used usefully, 56% flies into the "pipe".

The energy balance of the dryer looks like this:

Calculation of the energy balance of an enterprise, system or one machine helps to understand how much of the energy expended is spent efficiently.

The causes and possibilities for eliminating losses must be determined on the spot, for this there is.

What you need to pay attention to when compiling the energy balance of the enterprise

Firstly, the energy balance will help to determine the progress and improvements made during the implementation of energy saving measures.

You just need to compare the energy balance of an enterprise or process before and after the introduction of energy saving measures.

When compiling an energy balance for a complex, large enterprise, you must always start with the big picture. Make a rough energy balance of the entire enterprise.

Then break it down into subsystems, individual processes or types of equipment.

The main thing is that the subsystem should have as few incoming and outgoing energy flows as possible.

The fewer flows, the easier it will be to draw up an energy balance.

It is important that the energy flows that enter and leave the subsystem can be easily measured or calculated.

Ph.D. I.A. Bashmakov, Executive Director of the Center for the Efficient Use of Energy (CENEF), Moscow

The practice of forming the energy balance in Russia

The basis of the methodological approach to the analysis of the potential for energy savings and to the development of comprehensive long-term programs for energy saving and energy efficiency is the use of a unified (consolidated) fuel and energy balance (IFEB) 1 .

The theoretical concept of the energy balance was scientifically developed in the USSR already in the 1930s. In 1958, the reporting energy balance for the USSR for 1955 and forecast balances for 1958-1965 were developed. For many years, an extremely reduced energy balance was regularly drawn up, in which the use of primary energy resources was calculated only for two directions of consumption: a) for conversion into other types of energy and b) for production, technological and other needs (including losses).

The balances developed in this way can only serve as a means for checking the mutual linkage of the production of individual types of energy with the needs for them, but by no means a means for substantiating technical policy in all areas of the energy economy. 2 . There was no accounting for the use of fuel and electricity for the purposes of the final destination.

In parallel with the development of the doctrine of the energy balance in the USSR, abroad began to form first rather aggregated, and then more and more detailed unified energy balances in the context of primary and supplied energy. They were developed both in individual countries and by a number of international organizations (UN, International Energy Agency, etc.). These developments, to a greater extent than the efforts of the State Planning Commission or the Central Statistical Board, reflected the provisions of the "teaching about a single energy balance" that were expressed by leading Soviet experts.

In Russia, until recently, when developing strategic documents that determine the development of the fuel and energy complex, the practice of compiling archaic insufficiently interconnected balances of “boiler and furnace fuel”, “motor fuel” and “electricity” continued. Neither the "Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2020", developed and adopted by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1234-r of August 28, 2003, nor the "Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030" presented by IFEB.

This is despite the fact that already in 1988-1990. the first works appeared with IFEB estimates for the USSR, compiled according to the methodology that was used at that time by the IEA with some of its modifications. Reporting balances were built for 1970, 1975, 1980 and 1985, as well as forecast balances for 1990, 1995 and 2000. These balances were built for international comparisons of the unified energy balance of the USSR, USA and Western Europe 3 .

Already in modern Russia, these studies were extended to the Russian regions. The methodological approaches laid down earlier in the formation of the IFEB for the country as a whole were developed. This made it possible already in the first works on the formation of the IFEB of individual regions to form them with a much more detailed disaggregation of the energy conversion block and the final consumption block on the basis of official statistics forms.

In 2007, the Ministry of Industry and Energy issued a draft "Methodological recommendations on the formation of regional forecasted fuel and energy balances, monitoring their implementation and the procedure for interaction between federal and regional executive authorities Russian Federation in organizing this work. However, there were many complaints about this document. It does not contain recommendations on how to form balance blocks for fuel conversion and final consumption; there is no balance of thermal energy at all; diesel power plants and new renewable energy sources are not singled out in the electricity production balance, there is no “consumption” line in the oil balance at all, and in our country crude oil is still directly consumed in boiler houses, in industry; there is no statistical discrepancy in the balance sheet. That is, this is a method of forming traditional Soviet balance sheets, where it is not at all clear how energy resources are used. Based on soviet uniforms, so there are such terms as "intra-republican" consumption. The consolidated balance sheet is extremely primitive.

In 2007, within the framework of the TACIS project “Energy Efficiency at the Regional Level in the Kaliningrad, Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan Regions”, the author, together with CENEf staff, formed dynamic IFEB for these three regions for 2000-2006. and, based on them, built a model for forecasting all elements of the IFEB for the period up to 2020. As part of this work, a “Quick Guide to Using the ENERGYBAL Model” was prepared and for the first time the technology for forming the IFEB based on Russian statistical reporting data was described 4 .

Employees of CENEf under the leadership of the author built the IFEB for 2000-2006. and forecast for different scenarios for 2007-2020. for 28 regions and for Russia as a whole and developed procedures for compiling regional forecasts. In 2011, CENEf developed energy balances for all subjects of the Russian Federation for 2010.

According to the requirements of the federal laws of the Russian Federation of November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ "On energy saving and on improving energy efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" and of July 27, 2010 No. 190-FZ "On heat supply", the development of regional IFEB became mandatory. However, a unified methodological basis for their formation has not been legally formalized. Therefore, in the regional programs developed in 2010, the quality of energy balances is very different.

Why do we need a unified fuel and energy balance of the region?

The IFEB is necessary to understand for what purposes certain energy resources are spent, how they are transformed from one form to another, in which sectors of the economy and in what proportions they are consumed. IFEB is also required for:

• analysis and forecast of energy efficiency improvement indicators, factors and reasons for their change;
• developing and monitoring energy efficiency programs;
• development of energy strategies, energy development programs of the country and regions;
• analysis of energy security levels and the formation of energy resource deficits;
• analysis of the dynamics, factors and causes of changes in GRP energy consumption and GRP energy intensity, including the use of decomposition methods;
• development of models for forecasting energy consumption in conjunction with models for forecasting the development of the regional economy, etc.

IFEB integrates the balances of production and consumption of individual energy carriers. This allows you to reflect in one table all the most important energy relationships and proportions:

• show the role of individual energy resources in the energy balance;
• show the role of individual sectors in the consumption of individual energy resources;
• reflect the completeness of the interconnections of different systems of energy supply and energy consumption;
• take into account the measure of their mutual complementarity and interchangeability;
• improve the reliability of forecasting energy consumption parameters in industries and sectors of the economy, taking into account the presence of competition between various sectors of the economy for energy resources.

Tab. 1.

The concept of a unified fuel and energy balance

The degree of detail of the IFEB is determined by two main factors: the target setting for its use and the availability of the necessary statistical data. For the purposes of developing a comprehensive long-term energy saving and energy efficiency improvement program at the federal or regional levels, it is necessary to form an IFEB with a detailed presentation of energy consumption for the production of certain types of products, works, services, processes and energy services, broken down by certain types of energy carriers.

Russian statistics do not provide estimates of the IFEB, but allow the formation of sufficiently detailed IFEB with a certain accuracy.

The format of the “balance of energy resources” used by Rosstat has not changed since 1958. In last years only the detailing of energy consumption by type of economic activity in industry has been added. It is not suitable for the purposes of developing a comprehensive long-term program for energy conservation and energy efficiency at the federal level.

The author took as a basis the IFEB format of the International Energy Agency (IEA), adapted first to Soviet and then to Russian energy statistics (Table 1). It is represented by a matrix in which the intended purpose of the consumed energy resources is indicated vertically, and the types of primary energy resources and converted energy carriers are indicated horizontally. It should be considered as a mandatory section of the reporting and prospective energy balance of the country. It is this section that reflects the energy as a whole. 5 .

Integration of balances of production and consumption of individual energy carriers allows:

• reflect the completeness of the interconnections of different systems of energy supply and energy consumption, take into account the measure of their mutual complementarity and substitutability, and thereby increase the reliability of forecasting energy consumption parameters in industries and sectors of the economy, taking into account the presence of competition between various sectors of the economy for energy resources;
• reflect in one table all the most important energy links and proportions: the role of individual energy resources in the energy balance, the role of individual sectors in the consumption of individual energy resources.

Such a scheme for systematizing energy information makes it possible to take into account the evolution of the product and technological basis of production, and this allows both the analysis of the retrospective dynamics of specific technological coefficients for each sector and the analysis of technological prospects. The chosen approach makes it possible to develop a model of demand for energy carriers using hypotheses about the intensity of technological and product restructuring, as well as the influence of other factors, and to identify key technologies whose energy efficiency improvement can alleviate the energy shortage problem.

The features of the IFEB model taken as a basis are determined by the peculiarities of Russian energy statistics and the tasks for which the IFEB is being built. In Russian statistics on a limited list of activities, one can find data on the consumption of 21 types of fuels. The aggregation of this data depending on the tasks can be done in a different way. When developing consolidated programs for improving energy efficiency, it is sufficient to confine ourselves to the formation of the following groups: coal (hard coal; brown coal; shale; coal concentrate; coal briquettes; coke and coke breeze; combustible artificial blast-furnace gas; combustible artificial coke gas, metallurgical blast-furnace coke); crude oil, including gas condensate; petroleum products (dry stripped gas obtained from the processing of associated petroleum gas at gas processing plants; liquefied gas (propane-butane) obtained from the processing of associated petroleum gas and gas condensate; gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil, domestic furnace fuel, obtained by processing of oil and gas condensate; other oil products); combustible natural gas (natural); other solid fuels (fuel peat; firewood for heating; peat briquettes and semi-briquettes; other solid fuels). The grouping of these resources may differ from one concept of IFEB formation to another. To solve individual problems, the list of energy carriers in the IFEB can be expanded to 23. The IFEB "assembly" procedure should be organized in such a way as to allow regrouping fuel types into other groups if necessary.

In the production of electricity, types of power plants can be distinguished (for example, state district power plants, thermal power plants, industrial thermal power plants, diesel power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants and pumped storage power plants, wind farms, etc.) and, if necessary - in regional programs - even individual large plants). In the production of thermal energy, the following can be distinguished: state district power plants and thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, boiler houses, systematized by type of fuel or by power, as well as heat recovery plants.

Thus, in the chosen IFEB concept, energy consumption in industry, agriculture and transport and in housing is deciphered by types of products, works, processes and services. This is the main difference from the schemes of the IEA, Eurostat and the UN, where the breakdown is carried out by individual industries, or by type of economic activity. To analyze the technological aspect, the IEA and the European Union then still have to single out the production of energy-intensive products 6 . In the case of Russia, this is done immediately. Structuring information on energy-intensive products and works allows you to track the parameters of the technical efficiency of their production. When reflecting energy consumption in industry and other sectors of the economy, industrial and departmental power plants and boiler houses are not reflected, which are shown under the sections of the balance sheet "electricity production" and "heat production".

Table. 2. The main forms of statistical reporting,necessary for the formation of the reporting IFEB 7

Name of the statistical form
"1-TEK (oil)" (data on the operation of oil wells)	Data on oil production and oil movement (own needs, refining, changes in reserves, etc.)
"1-nature" (information about the production and shipment of industrial products)	Production, own consumption and changes in fuel stocks
"1-gas" (Information on the use of network (liquefied) gas)	Data on the consumption of network and liquefied gas by the population, small consumers and budgetary organizations, as well as on gas losses
"1-auto-gasoline" (information on the production of petroleum products)	Data on volumes of oil refining and production of petroleum products
"1-TEP" (information on the supply of heat)	Information on the production of thermal energy by groups of boiler houses, by types of fuel used in boiler houses, on losses of thermal energy and on its consumption by the population, budgetary and other organizations
"1-nefteprodukt (information on the shipment of petroleum products to consumers)	Data on the shipment of petroleum products and the geography of their export
"1-export" (information on the export of products (goods))"	Information on the export of fuel outside the subject of the Russian Federation
"4-reserves (urgent)" (information about fuel reserves)	Fuel inventory and consumption data
"4-TER" (information on residues, receipt and consumption of fuel and heat, collection and use of waste oil products)	Used to determine the total scale of consumption different types fuel, changes in its reserves, supply of fuel to the population. Since 2007, it also contains fragmentary data on heat consumption.
"6-TP" (production of electric and thermal energy and use of fuel in the electric power industry)	The main source for determining both the volume of electricity generation by different groups stations, and for the assessment and consumption of fuel for the production of electricity and heat and for determining the consumption of electricity for the own needs of power plants and in the formation of the IFEB. Used to form the fuel balance of power plants and district boiler houses, determine the supply of electrical and thermal energy
"11-TER" (information on the use of fuel, heat and electricity)	It is used to determine fuel consumption in the formation of the fuel balance for the production of electricity and heat; stations and district boiler houses; to form a balance of energy consumption in industry, agriculture, construction, public utilities and the population. In 2007, the form has undergone a number of changes. Some of its indicators fell into the 4-fuel form, and some simply disappeared from statistical records.
"22-ZhKH" (information about the work of housing and communal services in the context of the reform)	Contains information on the consumption of thermal energy, network and liquefied gas, as well as electricity by the population and public buildings.
Form 23-n (information on the production and distribution of electrical energy)	The main source of data on production volumes and the structure of electricity consumption.
Form 24 - energy (Electric balance and report on the operation of power plants (electric generating sets))	The main source of data on production volumes and the structure of electricity consumption by sectors of the economy and types of economic activity
CDU data on total electricity consumption from centralized power supply systems	Reliability of power balance data for 2005-2007. decreased in many regions. Therefore, it is important to cross-check the data on the total electricity consumption based on the CDU data.
"PE" (Information on the operation of power plants (electric generator sets) on the balance sheet of industrial organizations)	Data on the operation of power plants of industrial organizations
Energy balance of the Russian Federation	In addition to energy balance data, Rosstat data on the production of the most important energy carriers, their exports and imports are also used.

Rice. 1 . Structure of primary energy consumption in 2010

Main sources of information

The first step towards the development of a unified energy balance is the construction of a system of "single-product" balances. The word “single-product” is in quotation marks, since many of them reflect a family of energy sources and energy carriers that are related in one way or another. The following one-product balances are formed: coal, other types of solid fuel, crude oil, oil products; natural gas; electricity and thermal energy. Thus, the general energy system of the country is considered as an organic interaction of fuel, electricity and heat supply and the economy.

In the formation of single-product balances, only statistical data on the production and use of fuel collected from reporting forms were used public service Russian statistics. The main sources of statistical information in the formation of reporting IFEB, starting from 2000, are the following forms of statistical reporting (Table 2).

The data from these forms is collected, processed, and on this basis the matrix of the unified fuel and energy balance is filled in for each year. The cells of the matrix shaded in gray (Table 1) are obtained not from primary statistical sources, but based on the sum of values ​​in a column or in a row. Cells left blank will not be populated. The minus sign means the use of one energy resource for the production of another, or losses during its transfer. The general logic of filling in the matrix is ​​by columns, which represent the balances of production and consumption of individual energy resources.

Assessment of the IFEB of Russia for 2010

The unified fuel and energy balance of the Russian Federation for 2010 is obtained as a result of integration into one table of balances of electric and thermal energy, natural gas, coal, liquid fuels, as well as other types of solid fuels (wood, peat, etc.) according to the described above the technology of its "assembly". IFEB makes it possible to present the whole picture of the country's energy sector in one table. The balance is calculated by the author on the basis of the data of the listed forms of official reporting generated by the Federal State Statistics Service. The database for reporting years is organized in the form of such balances for each year and in the form of dynamic tables of the IFEB.

The total production of primary fuel and energy resources in 2010 amounted to 1771.6 million tons of fuel equivalent, and the total consumption of primary energy - 950.1 million tons of fuel equivalent. That is, the balance of foreign trade in energy resources is almost half (46%) of the produced energy resources, mainly oil, oil products and natural gas.

In 2010, the main areas of energy consumption in Russia were industry (excluding fuel processing), electricity and heat generation (25%); losses in the production of electrical energy (18%); transport (16%); housing sector (16%); service sector (7%); non-energy needs (6%); losses during transmission and distribution of energy (5%). Each of the other sectors accounted for less than 3% (Figure 1).

Analysis of the dynamics of the structure of energy consumption in 2000-2010. showed that the services sector and the housing sector were the least vulnerable to the crisis reduction in energy consumption in 2009, and the industry, transport and electric power industry were the most vulnerable (Fig. 2). In 2010, primary energy consumption reached 98% of the pre-crisis maximum of 2008, and final energy consumption almost reached the level of 2008.

Rice. 2 . Dynamics of energy consumption by main sectors of the economy

Rice. 3 . Increases in energy consumption by main sectors of the economy in 2000-2010

Energy consumption grew most dynamically in 2000-2010. in transport (54% of the total increase) (Fig. 3). It was followed by losses in electricity generation, consumption for non-energy needs (oil and gas chemistry, etc.), the housing sector and the service sector.

However, in the transport sector, the state does little to curb the growth of energy consumption. An analysis of more than 70 regulations on energy efficiency adopted over the past three years showed an almost complete absence of an energy saving policy in transport.

Losses in electricity generation have increased due to the increase in electricity consumption in the country.

Russia succeeded in 2000-2010. to develop industrial production while reducing the consumption of energy resources (the "dicupling" effect). This was due to a decrease in the share of energy-intensive industries in industrial production.

Analysis of the dynamics of primary energy consumption and energy intensity of the Russian GDP in 1990-2010. showed an interesting paradox: in the absence of a federal policy to improve energy efficiency, energy intensity was rapidly declining, and immediately after its launch it stopped declining (Fig. 4).

In 1998-2008 Russia has broken into the world leaders in terms of the rate of decline in the energy intensity of GDP: this indicator has decreased by 42% and has been declining by an average of more than 5% per year.

Rice. 4. Dynamics of Russian GDP, consumption of primary
energy resources and energy intensity of GDP in 1990-2010.

Rice. 5. Dynamics of energy intensity of GDP and Energy Efficiency Index (INEF) in 2000-2010 in Russia

in 2000-2010 (analysis by 44 sectors and sub-sectors and 8 factors)

The reduction in the energy intensity of GDP has largely neutralized the growth in energy consumption and has become the main energy resource for economic growth. Without progress in reducing energy intensity, Russia's energy consumption in 2008 would have been 73% above its actual level, and net energy exports would have fallen by 90%.

Why did the energy intensity of Russia's GDP decrease?

The energy intensity of GDP is influenced by technological and structural factors. The Energy Efficiency Index (INEF), which characterizes the technological factor (the level of development of advanced energy efficient technologies), in 2000-2010. decreased only by 9%, i.е. the contribution of the technological factor to the reduction in the energy intensity of GDP did not exceed 1% per year (Fig. 5). This is about the same as in developed countries. Reduce the technological gap with them in terms of energy efficiency in 2000-2010. almost failed. The implementation of the federal energy efficiency policy should be aimed at reducing the technological gap with the leading countries in order to increase the competitiveness of the Russian economy.

Reducing the energy intensity of GDP in 2000-2010 the following factors accounted for (Fig. 6):

• shifts in the sectoral structure - 55%
• shifts in the structure at the level of subsectors (in industry, in transport and in the housing sector) - 2%
• changes in capacity utilization - 15%
• price increase - 5%
• improvement of equipment and technologies - 23%

The main factors behind the growth in energy intensity in 2009 were the structural shifts in the economy caused by the crisis and the reduction in capacity utilization, as well as colder weather than in 2008, while the decline in technological energy efficiency was accelerating.

The main factors behind the stabilization of energy intensity in 2010 were structural shifts in the economy, an increase in energy intensity, as well as even colder weather than in 2009. These factors were to a large extent neutralized by the increased utilization of production capacities during the recovery from the crisis.

Conclusion

The basis of the methodological approach to the analysis of the energy saving potential and to the development of comprehensive long-term programs for energy saving and energy efficiency is the use of the unified fuel and energy balance model. The IFEB explicitly reflects the parameters of energy use in the production of the most energy-intensive products and services and in the transformation of energy carriers, which makes it possible to explicitly take into account the effects of changes in technology policy. For the purposes of developing a comprehensive long-term energy saving and energy efficiency improvement program at the federal and regional levels, it is necessary to form an IFEB with a detailed presentation of energy consumption for the production of certain types of products, works, services, processes and energy services, broken down by certain types of energy carriers. Russian statistics do not provide estimates of the IFEB, but allow the formation of sufficiently detailed IFEB with a certain accuracy. The approach proposed by the author to their construction based on the systematization and processing of official statistical information makes it possible to take into account the evolution of the product and technological basis of production in the analysis, and this allows both the analysis of the retrospective dynamics of specific technological coefficients for each sector and the analysis of the effects of the prospective technological modernization of the Russian economy .

Notes

1 L.A. Melentiev pointed to a tautology in the phrase "fuel and energy". The author fully agrees with this. However, due to the fact that in Russia such a service phrase is firmly established and one might even say rooted, it is accepted for use in this work.

2 Veits V.I., A.E. Probst and E.A. Rusakovsky. The problem of a unified energy balance of the national economy in the third five-year plan. // Planned economy. 1937, No. 9-10. S. 34.

3 P / ed. Bashmakova I.A. and A.A. Beschinsky. Comparative analysis of indicators of energy development and energy efficiency of the USSR, USA and Western Europe in 1970-2000. INEI. Moscow. 1990. v. 1. 225 p. and vol. 2. 223 p.; Bashmakov I.A., A. Beschinsky. D.B. Wolfberg. Comparative analysis of the development of energy in the USSR and the USA. Energy and transport. No. 4. 1988. pp. 28-37; Bashmakov I.A., N. Bogoslavskaya, T. Inauri, T. Klokova, E. Shitikov. Comparison of the structure of the unified energy balances of the USSR and the USA and Western Europe. Thermal power engineering. No. 9. 1989. pp.7-76; Bashmakov I.A., N. Bogoslavskaya, T. Klokova, T. Inauri, S. Molodtsov, U. Shitikov. Consumption of energy resources by branches of the fuel and energy complexes of the USSR, USA and Western Europe.« Energy behind abroad", No. 5, 1989. pp.1-6; Bashmakov. I. The structural changes in the USSR energy balance: 1970-2000. Energy Exploration and Exploitation. Vol. no. 1 and 2, 1990 UK. pp. 52-59.; Bashmakov I. and A.A. Makarov. The Soviet Union: A Strategy of energy development with Minimum Emission of Greenhouse Gases. PNNL. April 1990. 15 p.; Bashmakov I., A.A. Makarov. An energy development strategy for the USSR: Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. energy policy. pp. 987-994; Bashmakov. I. Costs and benefits of CABOUT2 emission reduction in Russia. In "Costs, Impacts, and Benefits of CO2 Mitigation. Y. Kaya, N. Nakichenovich, W. Nordhouse, F. Toth Editors.IIASA. June 1993. pp.453-474.

4 Bashmakov I.A. Fuel and energy balance as a tool for analysis, forecasting and indicative planning of energy development. "Energy Policy", issue 2, 2007. p. 16-25.

5 L.A. Melentiev. Essays on the history of domestic energy. M., Nauka, 1987. S. 106-107.

6 Energy technology perspectives 2010. Scenarios and strategies to 2050. IEA/OECD. Paris. 2010; Energy technology transitions for industry. Strategies for the next industrial revolution. IEA/OECD. Paris. 2009; World Energy Outlook. 2011. IEA/OECD. Paris. 2011; Transport, energy and CO2. moving towards sustainability. OECD/IEA. 2009; Promoting energy efficiency investments. Case studies for residential sector. OECD/IEA. 2008; Tracking industrial energy efficiency and CO2 emissions. OECD/IEA. 2007;base dataODYSSEE.

7 The content of all these forms can be found on the website of the Federal State Statistics Service

As you know, our country is the largest exporter of energy resources and does not experience any difficulties with their production and delivery abroad. However, at the level of subjects of the federation, and especially at the level of individual municipal administrative-territorial formations, each heating season, the problem of energy supply becomes especially acute. The forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations are rushing to solve it, reserve funds are allocated from the federal budget, but the plight in conditions of low temperatures persists for a long time. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the imbalance in the supply and consumption of primary energy resources throughout the country. Deeper reasons must be sought in the institutional environment. The entire measure of responsibility for the needs of the population and organizations in the public sector: healthcare, education, etc. lies with the municipal authorities, and energy resources belong to the private sector. The financial capabilities of municipalities (MOs) very often do not meet the needs of sellers of energy goods.

An attempt to solve this problem by developing energy balances as the main information and statistical base for management decisions on the energy supply of territories began to be carried out by Rosstat, after the adoption of the Decree of June 23, 1999. "On approval of the "Methodological provisions for calculating the fuel and energy balance of the Russian Federation in accordance with international practice." Then it was assumed that negative impact on the economy of a municipality or a subject of the federation, caused by a shortage or overproduction of energy resources, can be reduced through the development of tools for state management of the energy complex. One of the main tools in a market economy that ensures a balanced development of the production and consumption of energy resources in the regions of Russia is the system of energy balances: analytical, design, prospective, etc.

These balances are an interconnected system of indicators reflecting the ratio of energy resources and their distribution within the boundaries of administrative-territorial entities.

The category of "municipal formation" is especially relevant for the study, because it is the key to the study of local self-government. The definition of a municipality is contained in the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ "On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation": "A municipal formation is an urban or rural settlement, a municipal district, an urban district, or an intra-urban territory of a city of federal significance."

Thus, the following elements of the category "municipal formation" can be distinguished:

A settlement or settlements united by a common territory within which local self-government is exercised;

Elected local self-government bodies operating on the territory of this settlement;

Municipal property and budget.

The jurisdiction of local self-government bodies extends equally to all lands within the boundaries of the municipality, regardless of their intended purpose, and equally from being in one form or another of ownership.

In civil legal relations, municipalities act on an equal footing with other participants in civil legal relations - citizens, legal entities, as well as the Russian Federation and its subjects. Authorized bodies of local self-government act on behalf of the municipality.

Thus, a municipality is a territory within whose boundaries, together with state administration, local self-government is allowed to resolve only local issues. As you know, local issues are, first of all, issues of the well-being of the population, improving their standard of living.

According to Rosstat, as of January 1, 2012, there were 23,118 municipalities in Russia, including 1,821 municipal districts, 517 urban districts, 236 urban territories of federal cities: 111 municipalities, cities and towns in St. Petersburg and 125 municipalities in Moscow, 1711 urban settlements and 18833 rural settlements.

It is clear that territorial fuel and energy balance sheets for the bulk of MOs are practically not compiled due to the complexity of this process and the lack of specialists. Local settlement fuel and energy balances are not in demand due to the forgotten practice of energy planning, although the role and importance of fuel and energy balances for assessing the current state and developing plans for the development of power supply systems for settlements can hardly be overestimated.

The initial information for compiling territorial fuel and energy balances is data on loss standards and other official information from the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, the results of an energy audit, actual data from energy supply organizations on energy supply, consumption and losses, information from local authorities on the needs of the main socially significant consumers.

The results of the development of the FEB are data on the actual structure of production and consumption of energy resources, actual losses, energy saving potential, and capacity reserves. It should be noted that it is the TEB that is the basis for the development of energy saving programs.

Work on its compilation of the FEB for each MO should be carried out continuously, and at least once a year. The TEB data should be audited by independent experts and adjusted taking into account climatic features and meteorological forecasts for the given territory. One of the goals of an energy audit is to analyze the fuel and energy balances of power facilities, which will allow assessing the possibilities of energy saving, both economically and technically justified, and measures based on equipment modernization, new methods of maintenance or operation mode management, restructuring

consumption of fuel and energy resources, etc. These proposals are actively discussed by experts, but practical implementation, as a rule, is hampered by unresolved organizational and institutional problems.

Progress in solving the energy problems of the Moscow Region is provided for by the Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation of December 14, 2011 N 600 "On Approval of the Procedure for Compiling Fuel and Energy Balances of the Subjects of the Russian Federation, Municipalities" (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on February 1, 2012 N 23101). Further Order.

The system of energy balances of each region includes:

• balances of the main types of fossil fuels: natural and associated gas, thermal and coking coal, oil and gas condensate, fuel oil;
• heat and electricity balances
• summary balances of technological fuel and primary energy,
• Demand and supply of primary energy resources by regions.

In accordance with the Order, the TEB of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (municipal formation) should contain interrelated indicators of the quantitative correspondence between the supply of energy resources to the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and their consumption, fix the distribution of energy resources between heat supply systems, consumers, consumer groups and determine the efficiency of the use of energy resources.

The territorial fuel and energy balance is based on single-product energy balances, which are then combined into a single balance sheet (STB), reflecting the summarized data in common energy units.

A single-product energy balance is compiled in natural or conditionally natural units of measurement - units of standard fuel, which is taken as the calorific value of 1 kg of coal equal to 7000 kcal. Let us consider in general terms the composition of the thermopile.

The balance consists of nine groups of data on individual types of energy resources, which are formed in the form of a matrix based on single-product energy balances for coal, crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, other solid fuels, hydropower and renewable energy, nuclear energy, electricity and thermal energy. The balance matrix consists of columns and lines, which successively reflect the following blocks of indicators. Accordingly, columns are displayed vertically, balance lines horizontally.

Coal balance column indicators include data on coal, shale, coal concentrate, metallurgical coke, coxite, coal processing products, off-gases, including artificial blast-furnace combustible gas, artificial coke oven combustible gas.

The indicators in the crude oil balance column contain data on oil, including gas condensate.

The indicators in the “Petroleum products” balance column include data, including data on gas from refineries, dry, liquefied gas, automobile and aviation gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, heating oil, household stove fuel, marine fuel oil, gas turbine and motor fuel.

The indicators of the balance column "Natural gas" reflect data on gas from gas and gas condensate fields and associated gas from oil fields, as well as methane captured in coal mines and sewage gas. The balance column "Other solid fuel" includes data on types of solid fuel, including peat, peat fuel briquettes and semi-briquettes, firewood for heating, solid domestic and industrial waste.

The indicators of the "Hydropower and renewable energy" balance column include data on electrical energy produced at installations using non-traditional and renewable energy resources as primary resources, including hydraulic, geothermal, solar, wind power installations.

The indicators of the balance column "Nuclear energy" contain data on electrical and thermal energy produced at nuclear power plants.

The indicators of the balance column "Electrical energy" reflect data on electrical energy produced at power plants.

The indicators of the balance column "Thermal energy" include data on thermal energy produced by thermal and nuclear power plants, boilers, utilization plants, as well as received from geothermal sources, non-traditional and renewable energy sources and intended for consumption by consumers of thermal energy.

The balance column "Total" reflects the results of summing up the data on the types of energy resources considered above.

The balance lines are divided into three blocks: "Production of energy resources", "Transformation of energy resources" and "Final consumption of energy resources".

The first block "Production of energy resources" reflects data on the production of energy resources on the territory of a subject of the RF MO, on the import of energy resources into the territory of a subject of the RF MO, on the export of energy resources from the territory of a subject of the RF MO and on changes in reserves.

The second block "Transformation of energy resources" contains data on the transformation of one type of energy resources into others, on the costs of energy resources in the process of transformation, for own needs, and data on the losses of energy resources during their production and transmission.

The third block "End consumption of energy resources" collects data on the consumption of energy resources by end consumers.

The line of the balance sheet "Industry" indicates the details by types of economic activity according to the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED). The value indicated in the line "Industry" is the sum of the lines reflecting the types of industrial activity represented in this administrative-territorial unit.

The balance line "Construction" takes into account data on energy consumption in the process of construction, reconstruction, demolition of civil and industrial capital construction facilities and installation of equipment at these facilities, as well as data on the consumption of energy resources in the process of exploratory drilling of wells.

In the line of the balance "Transport and communication" data on the consumption of energy resources by transport organizations, with the allocation of rail, pipeline, road and other modes of transport, and communication organizations are presented.

The line of the balance sheet "Service sector" takes into account data on the consumption of energy resources by organizations in the service sector.

The balance line "Population" takes into account data on the consumption of energy resources for heating, hot water supply, electricity supply, gas supply to the housing stock.

The balance line "Use of fuel and energy resources as raw materials and for non-fuel needs" takes into account data on the consumption of energy resources as raw materials in the chemical or other industry.

Of undoubted interest in this block is the balance line "Transmission Losses", which takes into account data on losses incurred during the transfer of energy resources, including losses of electrical energy in electrical networks, losses of thermal energy in thermal networks, losses of oil and gas during transportation through main oil and gas pipelines, coal and other solid hydrocarbons (paraffin, ceresin and ozocerite and their mixtures with oils) when transported by rail or other modes of transport, loss of petroleum feedstock during the transportation of petroleum products.

To recalculate fuel and energy into tons of standard fuel, the unit of physical indicators in which energy resources are calculated (1 ton, thousand cubic meters, thousand kWh, Gcal) is multiplied by the conversion factor into equivalent fuel based on the actual calorific value of the fuel .

Particular attention in this procedure for compiling the territorial balance is of interest to two lines "Services" (formerly - Household sector) and "Population". The two named categories take into account: data on fuel and energy consumption in those sectors of the economy that were not reflected in the previous lines of the fuel and energy balance, namely: in housing and communal services, agriculture, logistics and sales, procurement, health care, physical culture And social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific service, management, communications, trade and other industries.

A group of indicators describing consumers in the social sphere, including households, are presented in the balance sheet in total and they are grouped according to the residual attribute. It is this part of the balance that reflects the antagonistic contradiction between the social need for energy resources and the market mechanism for its satisfaction.

The "social responsibility" of business alone is not enough to resolve this contradiction; state regulation is necessary.

Noteworthy are the proposals of Lukyants L.A. and others who study the issues of using the fuel and energy balance in the development of programs for the integrated development of municipalities. The relevance of this area of ​​research is confirmed by the fact that, firstly, MOs are "the main structural components of the socio-economic system called the state, which ... "acquire" the vital benefits of society." Secondly, this area is still little explored. The authors believe that the formation of a territorial fuel and energy balance is one of the effective ways optimization of programs for socio-economic development of municipalities.

It seems to us that the municipality (MO) is the main basic unit of the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation. Based on this, on the basis of the energy balances of the municipalities, realizable management decisions can be developed for their socio-economic development, both in the medium and long term. However, the development of thermopile units of small MOs is not always rational. One of the reasons is that the FEB can be formed on the basis of a relatively "outlined technological unit of energy producers and its consumers, which cannot be grouped within the framework of a municipality due to its small size." Necessary information can be obtained from the territorial fuel and energy balance of the subject of the federation that “in the conditions of market economy without sectoral planning, it is the most appropriate structure for the optimal state of production and consumption with the rational use of resources.

Compilation of the TEB is carried out in stages. At the first stage, when compiling the FEB, centralized forms of federal statistical observation are used, which are mandatory for reporting by all enterprises and organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as non-centralized (industry) forms.

At the second stage, the energy consumption for the production of industrial products is determined, the necessary aggregation of indicators by type of fuel. At the third stage, a comparative analysis of data of the same name from different forms of federal statistical reporting and the determination of the main causes of discrepancies, methods of mutual linking of data and the selection of data to be included in the balance sheet are carried out.

At the fourth stage, one-product balances of coal, crude oil, liquid fuels, natural gas, other types of solid fuels, electric and thermal energy are developed with minimization of statistical discrepancies.

A single-product energy balance is a table that reflects in natural units certain types of energy resources, as well as their use in the processes of transformation, transportation and final consumption. When developing the IFEB of a subject of the federation, all single-product balances included in its composition are formatted in the same units of standard fuel. At the fifth stage, the data of single-product balances are combined into a single fuel and energy balance (IFEB). When developing the IFEB of a subject of the federation, all single-product balances included in its composition are formatted in the same units of standard fuel.

It should be emphasized that the actual balances built on the basis of statistical reporting on fuel and energy consumption cover only those enterprises and organizations that are presented in the Rosstat reports, and cover approximately 80% of the total energy consumption. The remaining volumes of consumed energy resources are determined by the calculation method.

The most important problem that hinders the compilation of accurate and objective balances is that statistics on the movement of stocks of fuel and energy resources from manufacturers-suppliers and intermediaries are not always available even to specialists, and statistics on the movement of stocks from consumers is the least reliable. At the same time, these reserves themselves are quite large. All the data on the calculated fuel and energy balance found in the scientific and reference literature are only a more or less accurate reflection of the real processes that are taking place in the Russian economy.

Finally, it is quite obvious that it is necessary that the system of indicators of current statistical reporting and the overall energy balance, in terms of terminology and definitions of coefficient values, correspond to the system of indicators of international energy statistics.

Literature:

1. Energy Statistics Manual. – IEA-OECD-Eurostat, 2007.

2. Mamiy I.P. Methodological problems of energy statistics at the stage of economic modernization. Questions of Statistics No. 6. 2010

4. Mamiy I.P. Introduction to energy statistics. M., "TEIS", 2011, 160s.

5. Mamiy I.P. Statistics of energy resources: questions of theory and practice, M., Max-press, 2012, 232 p.

6.Energy strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030. www.minenergo.gov.ru

7. The use of fuel and energy balances in the development of programs for the integrated development of municipalities / [A.A. Lukyanets, V.G. Rotar, A.A. Shumsky and others] // Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. - 2008. - No. 310 (May). - S. 137-142.

8.http://www.energo21.ru/methodology/teb.html 9.http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b12_11/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d1/02-02.htm

10. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/business/prom/en_balans.htm

11. http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/Portal/soc_gum/Ekupr/2012_1/d1.pdf

For rework shops that identify the need for a certain metal, then for the rolling shop, and then for the open-hearth shop. On the basis of the production programs of individual technological shops and the consumption rates of fuel, heat, electricity, compressed air, oxygen, water, the need for this energy product is established, and then the sources of its production. These materials are the starting materials for compiling the enterprise and cost estimates for the heat and power and electric power shops.

ENTERPRISES - see Fuel balance of an industrial enterprise, Energy balance of an industrial enterprise.

As a result, the fuel and energy balance of the enterprise is rationalized and the overall energy costs are sharply reduced.

These tasks are set on the basis of the planned fuel and energy balance of the country as a whole and of each individual economic region in whose territory a given association or enterprise operates in the system of transport and storage of oil, oil products and gas. Production tasks serve as the basis for concluding business contracts for the supply of oil, oil products and gas with consumers.

To calculate the need for boiler fuel, which can be replaced by gas, coal or another type of fuel, an optimal fuel and energy balance is drawn up. For refineries, this value is set externally.

Enterprises of the oil refining and petrochemical industries annually develop and implement organizational and technical measures aimed at saving fuel and energy, as well as more fully involving secondary energy resources in the fuel and energy balance. The maximum use of secondary thermal resources is a large reserve for saving labor, capital investments and the energy carriers themselves.

The program-target method provides for the development of long-term programs using advanced methods of organizing management and increasing the efficiency of social production. An example of the development of oil and gas bearing regions of Western Siberia can be given as a positive experience in this area. In the past, not enough attention was paid to the development of the fuel and energy industries (gas, oil, coal, electric power industry) as a single complex, and this had a negative impact on the structure of the fuel and energy balance, leading in some cases to a shortage of fuel in some areas and to an excess in others. The program-target method in an association (enterprise) and its divisions can be used in various aspects of improving the organization of management and increasing production efficiency. This method is of particular importance in the reconstruction of the gas supply system as a whole or its elements, as well as in solving organizational and economic problems, such as the need for better use of equipment, increasing the level of automation and mechanization, eliminating excessive staff turnover, etc.

Planning and analysis of energy supply. A prerequisite for proper planning of energy supply is the preparation of a fuel and energy balance, which determines the company's need for energy resources and the sources of its coverage. The development of energy balances is the main method for planning energy supply and analyzing the use of energy resources. Energy balances establish the required amounts of consumption, production and receipt of various types of energy resources.

All taken together dictates the need for periodic development of a consolidated reporting fuel and energy balance of the country. In essence, such a balance is a fairly complex detailed set of interconnected partial balances of individual types of fuel and energy. It is compiled for the whole country, in all union republics, regions, territories, at fuel-producing and consuming enterprises in almost all sectors of the national economy. They make up the fuel and energy balance in natural and conditionally natural units of measurement, which allows you to simultaneously observe the movement of the country's energy resources by their individual types and in combination.

The widespread use of nuclear energy is an important direction in improving the fuel and energy balance of industry; reducing the use of natural gas and oil as fuel and primarily using them as raw materials for the petrochemical and other industries; combined generation high-temperature heat, electricity, steam, hot water for industrial enterprises and household needs.

In 1961, the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR again developed, this time a more expanded, fuel and energy balance for 1960, in which indicators of production, distribution and use of all types of fuel and energy produced and consumed in 1960 were linked. This balance was developed on the basis of the balance sheets of all enterprises - fuel and energy producers, all marketing organizations supplying fuel, as well as all industrial, construction and other organizations - fuel and energy consumers.

Filling in the reporting table is carried out in natural and conventional units, and the conversion of natural fuel into conditional is carried out by enterprises on the basis of data on the calorific value of the working fuel, determined by the laboratory, and in the absence of them, according to the average values ​​of caloric equivalents specified and indicated in the instructions of the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR. Based on the generalization of T.-e. b. enterprises, reporting materials of organizations for the extraction and sale of fuel, regional energy. systems and other org-CIA are compiled consolidated T.-e. b. by regions, territories, economic. districts, republics and the USSR as a whole. Reporting T.-e. b. USSR for 1962 in terms of fuel and energy consumption. resources within the country can be represented by systematized indicators (excluding self-procurement of fuel by the population, the share of which, according to a number of estimates, is about 5% in relation to the total consumption of energy resources within the country), given in Table. 4 (but according to the reporting fuel and energy balance for 1962, in % of the total consumption within the country by standard fuel).

These balances are subdivided into national economic, territorial, private (balances by coal grades, groups of enterprises, etc.). For the development of fuel industries, the fuel and energy balance of the country, which includes all types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels used for energy and technological needs, is of great importance.

The type of enterprise is largely determined by the need of the economic region for its products, the quality of the initial1 raw materials, the provision of the region with raw materials and fuel, and the structure of its fuel and energy balance.

In the fuel and energy balance, all types of fuel are shown in two units of measurement - in physical terms and in terms of conventional fuel. At the same time, in physical terms, all types of mineral solid fuels, liquid fuels, as well as oil refining gas are shown in tons, firewood - in dense cubic meters, natural gas, associated gas, underground gasification gas and gas from shale - in thousands of standard cubic meters (pressure 760 mm Hg at \u003d 20 ° C), coke gas - in thousands of cubic meters, reduced to 1000 kcal / m3, blast furnace gas - in thousands of cubic meters, reduced to 1000 kcal / m3 -, electricity - in thousands of kilowatt-hours, heat energy - in gigacalories, compressed air - in thousands of cubic meters reduced to a pressure of 1.4 atm, other fuel processing products and other wastes of technological processes are given in those weight or volume units in which they are accounted for at the enterprise. In terms of conventional fuel, all indicators for each type of fuel and energy resources are recorded in tons.