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Hydroxy acids (hydroxy acids). Glycolic Acid Extraction of Glycolic Acid

Name Glycolic acid Synonyms hydroxyacetic acid; CAS registration number 79-14-1 Molecular formula C 2 H 4 O 3 Molecular weight 76.05 InChI InChI=1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5) InChIKey AEMRFAOFKBGASW- UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES C(C(=O)O)O EINECS 201-180-5

Chemical and physical properties

Density 1.27 Boiling point 113°C Melting point 10°C Flash point 128.7°C Refractive index n20/D 1.424 Solubility H2O: 0.1 g/ml. Stability Stable. Incompatible with bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. Appearance Light yellow or dark red liquid.

Risks, safety and conditions of use

Safety instructions S26; S36/37/39; S45 Risk Statement R22; R34 Hazard category 8 Hazard symbols

Classification of chemical reagents

Pure ("pure") Glycolic acid Ch. The content of the main component is 98% and above (without impurities). The color of the strip on the package is green. Pure for analysis (“analytical grade”, “analytical grade”) Analytical grade glycolic acid. The content of the main component is higher or significantly higher than 98%. Impurities do not exceed the allowable limit for accurate analytical studies. The color of the strip on the package is blue. Chemically pure (“chemically pure”, “chemically pure”) Glycolic acid chemically pure. The content of the main component is more than 99%. The color of the strip on the packaging is red. Extra pure (“high purity”) Glycolic acid of high purity. The content of impurities in such a small amount that they do not affect the basic properties. The color of the strip on the packaging is yellow.

Glycolic acid (hydroxyacetic or hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycolic acid) is an organic compound that is a representative of alpha hydroxy acids (ANA). The synthetic route to glycolic acid provides higher purity, quality, and stability than natural sources.

What is glycolic acid used for in cosmetics?

Glycolic acid is effective in treating hyperkeratosis due to its small molecule size. Due to this, as well as hydrophilicity and hygroscopicity, it destabilizes the aqueous phase between the lipid bilayers that fill the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum.

Glycolic acid is used in both professional and home peels. In low concentrations (2-5%), it is found in home care, weakening the adhesion between corneocytes and providing uniform exfoliation of the outer layers of the epidermis. It has been shown that at such a concentration in cosmetics (in particular, in these - https://thaishop.com.ua/uk/product-category/oblichchya/) there is no damage to the barrier functions of the skin, and the result is a decrease in the thickness of the stratum corneum.

IN professional care higher concentrations of glycolic acid are used - from 30 to 70% with different pH values. Since the irritating effect of alpha hydroxy acids depends on the pH level, the use of glycolic acid with a pH of at least 2 is allowed in beauty parlors. Lower pH values (< 2) и высокие концентрации (50-70%) могут применяться только в медицинских учреждениях. Гликолевая кислота прекрасно устраняет , даже если за кожей не ухаживали годами. Однако ее не следует назначать при очень сухой коже или поврежденном эпидермисе.

Always prepare the skin by restoring its protective barrier - this often takes about 3 weeks - and then use glycolic or similar alpha hydroxy acid to facilitate corneocyte desquamation.

By the way, the fashion for the trend from the 90s of mixing glycolic acid with other alpha hydroxy acids (and not only with them) is now returning. Previously, such mixtures were really popular and received many flattering reviews from cosmetologists and dermatologists. In principle, glycolic acid combines well with many active ingredients, such as lactic acid, kojic acid, and vitamin C.

There is controversy over the efficacy and irritant effects of glycolic acid. Unfortunately, many clinicians approach the use of alpha hydroxy acids without proper knowledge of their effects on the cells and systems of the epidermis, as well as an understanding of the long-term effects and the need for pre- and post-care. Usually it is these "specialists" who then write angry reviews about glycolic acid.

Hydroxy acids (alcohol acids) are derivatives of carboxylic acids containing one, two or more hydroxyl groups in the radical connected to the carboxyl.

Depending on the number of carboxyl groups, hydroxy acids are divided into monobasic, dibasic, etc.; depending on the total number of hydroxyl groups, hydroxy acids are divided into mono- or polyhydric.

According to the nature of the radical, hydroxy acids are saturated and unsaturated, acyclic, cyclic or aromatic.

The following types of isomerism occur in hydroxy acids:

structural(radical chain isomerism, isomerism of the mutual position of carboxyl and hydroxyl);

optical(mirror) due to the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms.

The names of hydroxy acids are given by the name of the acid with the addition of "hydroxy" or "dioxi", etc. The trivial nomenclature is also widely used.

HO–CH 2 –COOH

glycolic (oxyacetic)

dairy (α-hydroxypropionic)

α-hydroxybutyric β-hydroxybutyric

(2-hydroxybutanoic) (3-hydroxybutaneic)

physical properties. Lower hydroxy acids are most often thick, syrupy substances. Hydroxy acids are miscible with water in any ratio, and with increasing molecular weight, the solubility decreases.

Chemical properties.

1. Acidic properties - hydroxy acids give all the reactions characteristic of carboxyl: the formation of salts, esters, amides, acid halides, etc. Hydroxy acids are stronger electrolytes than their corresponding carboxylic acids (effect of the hydroxyl group).

2. Alcoholic properties - reactions of hydrogen substitution of the hydroxy group, the formation of ethers and esters, the substitution of -OH for halogen, intramolecular dehydration, oxidation.

chloroacetic glycolic glyoxal

acid acid acid

a) HO–CH 2 –COOH + CH 3 OH HO–CH 2 –CO–O–CH 3 + H 2 O

ester of glycolic acid and methyl alcohol

b) NO-CH 2 -COOH + 2CH 3 OH CH 3 -O - CH 2 -COOSH 3 + 2H 2 O

glycolic methyl methyl ether

acid alcohol methoxyacetic acid

(full broadcast)

3. The ratio of hydroxy acids to heating - when heated, α-hydroxy acids split off water, forming a cyclic ester, built as an id of two molecules of α-hydroxy acids:

α-hydroxypropionic acid lactide

β-hydroxy acids under the same conditions easily lose water with the formation of unsaturated acids.

NO–CH 2 –CH 2 –COOH CH 2 \u003d CH - COOH

β-hydroxypropionic acrylic acid

γ-hydroxy acids can also lose a water molecule with the formation of intramolecular esters - lactones.

NO–CH 2 –CH 2 –CH 2 –COOH

γ-hydroxybutyric acid

γ-butyrolactone

Some hydroxy acids are obtained from natural products. So, lactic acid is obtained by lactic acid fermentation of sugary substances. Synthetic production methods are based on the following reactions:

1) Cl–CH 2 –COOH + HOH HO–CH 2 –COOH;

monochloroacetic glycolic

acid acid

2) CH 2 \u003d CH - COOH + HOH
NO-CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH.

acrylic acid β-hydroxypropionic acid

representatives of hydroxy acids.

Glycolic (hydroxyacetic) acid is a crystalline substance found in unripe fruits, beet juice, turnips and other plants. In industry, it is obtained by the reduction of oxalic acid. It is used for dyeing (calico printing).

Lactic acid (α-hydroxypropionic) - a thick liquid or low-melting crystalline mass. Lactic acid is formed in the process of lactic acid fermentation of sugars, under the action of lactic acid bacteria. Contained in fermented milk products, sauerkraut, silage. It is used in mordant dyeing, in leather production, in medicine.

Meat-lactic acid is found in the muscle juice of animals and meat extracts.

diatomic glyceric acid participates in the life processes of plants and animals.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) - a crystalline substance contained in fresh fruit, lemons, black currants, in fresh vegetables - cabbage, beans. Synthetically, vitamin C is obtained by oxidation of the polyhydric alcohol sorbitol.

α-ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid is easily decomposed by atmospheric oxygen, especially when heated.

Acyclic two-and tribasic hydroxy acids.

Apple (hydroxysuccinic) acid (HOOS-CHOH-CH 2 -COOH) is a crystalline substance that is highly soluble in water; used in medicine, found in unripe rowan, barberry, rhubarb, grape juice, wine.

Wine (tartaric, dioxysuccinic) acid (HOOC–*CHOH–*CHOH–COOH) has 2 asymmetric carbon atoms and therefore has 4 optical isomers. Forms acidic potassium salts, which are poorly soluble in water and precipitate. Salt crystals can be observed in wine (tartar). The mixed potassium-sodium salt is called Rochelle salt. Salts of tartaric acid are called tartrates.

tartar, rochelle salt

Tartaric acid is common in plants (mountain ash, grapes, etc.).

Lemon acid
found in citrus fruits. In industry, it is obtained from lemon fruits, by the oxidation of sugars by mold fungi, during the processing of spruce needles.

Citric acid is a biologically important compound that takes part in metabolism. Used in medicine, food, textile industry as an additive to dyes.

Cyclic monobasic polyhydric hydroxy acids are part of bile acids and other physiologically important compounds; for example, auxin enhances plant growth.

Aromatic hydroxy acids subdivided into phenolic acids and aromatic fatty acids containing hydroxyl in the side chain.

o-hydroxybenzoic mandelic acid

(salicylic acid

Salicylic acid found in some plants in free form (calendula), but more often in the form of esters. In industry, it is obtained by heating sodium phenolate with carbon dioxide. It is used as a disinfectant and in the synthesis of dyes. Many derivatives of salicylic acid are used as medicines (aspirin, salol).

aspirin salol (phenyl ether

(acetylsalicylic acid) salicylic acid)

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trioxybenzoic).

Contained in tea leaves, oak bark, pomegranate tree. In industry, it is obtained from tannin by boiling with dilute acids. It is used for the manufacture of ink, in photography, in medicine as an antiseptic. Gallic acid and its derivatives are widely used as preservatives for many food products(fats, high-grade soaps, dairy products), has tannic properties and is of particular importance in the manufacture of leather and in stain dyeing.

mandelic acid refers to aromatic fatty acids (C 6 H 5 -CH (OH) -COOH), is found in amygdalin, mustard, elderberry, etc.

Tannins are often derivatives of polyhydric phenols. They are part of plants and are obtained from extracts of bark, wood, leaves, roots, fruits or growths (galls).

Tannins are the most important tannins. This is a mixture of various chemical compounds, the main of which are esters of gallic and digallic acids and glucose or polyhydric alcohols.

Dg-digallic acid

m-digallic acid

Tannin exhibits the properties of phenols and esters. With a solution of ferric chloride, it forms a black complex compound. Tannins are widely used as tanning extracts, mordants for dyeing cotton fabrics, as astringents in medicine (they have bactericidal, hemostatic properties), and are preservatives.

Lipids include organic substances, many of which are esters of macromolecular fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols - these are fats, phosphatides, waxes, steroids, macromolecular fatty acids, etc.

Lipids are found mainly in plant seeds, nut kernels, and in animal organisms - in adipose and nervous tissues, especially in the brain of animals and humans.

Natural fats are mixtures of esters of the trihydric alcohol glycerol and higher carboxylic acids, i.e. mixtures of glycerides of these acids.

ABOUT General formula for fat:

where R I R II R III are hydrocarbon radicals of higher fatty acids of a normal structure with an even number of carbon atoms. Fats can contain residues of both saturated and unsaturated acids.

Saturated acids:

С 15 H 31 COOH– palmitic;

C 17 H 35 COOH - stearic;

C 3 H 7 COOH - oil (contained in butter), etc.

Unsaturated acids:

C 17 H 33 COOH - oleic;

C 17 H 31 COOH - linoleic;

C 17 H 29 COOH - linolenic, etc.

Get fats from natural sources of animal and vegetable origin.

Physical Properties fats are acidic. Fats containing predominantly saturated acid residues are solid or ointment-like substances (mutton, beef fat, etc.). Fats, which contain mainly unsaturated acid residues, have a liquid consistency at room temperature and are called oils. Fats do not dissolve in water, but dissolve well in organic solvents: ether, benzene, chloroform, etc.

Chemical properties. Like all esters, fats undergo hydrolysis. Hydrolysis can proceed in an acidic, neutral or alkaline environment.

1. Acid hydrolysis.

Hydroxy acids (alcohol acids) are derivatives of carboxylic acids containing one, two or more hydroxyl groups in the radical connected to the carboxyl.

According to the nature of the hydroxy acid radical, there are limiting and non-limiting, acyclic, cyclic or aromatic.

The following types of isomerism occur in hydroxy acids:

structural(radical chain isomerism, isomerism of the mutual position of carboxyl and hydroxyl);

optical(mirror) due to the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms.

The names of hydroxy acids are given by the name of the acid with the addition of "hydroxy" or "dioxi", etc. The trivial nomenclature is also widely used.

2. Alcoholic properties - reactions of hydrogen substitution of the hydroxyl group, the formation of ethers and esters, the substitution of -OH for halogen, intramolecular dehydration, oxidation.

chloroacetic glycolic glyoxal

acid acid acid

a) HO-CH 2 -COOH + CH 3 OHHO-CH 2 -CO-O-CH 3 + H 2 O

ester of glycolic acid and methyl alcohol

b) HO-CH 2 -COOH + 2CH 3 ONCH 3 -O-CH 2 -COOSH 3 + 2H 2 O

glycolic methyl methyl ether

acid alcohol methoxyacetic acid

3. The ratio of hydroxy acids to heating - when heated, α-hydroxy acids split off water, forming a cyclic ester built as an id of two molecules of α-hydroxy acids:

α-hydroxypropionic acid lactide

β-hydroxy acids under the same conditions easily lose water with the formation of unsaturated acids.

BUT-CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH CH 2 \u003d CH-COOH

β-hydroxypropionic acrylic acid

γ-hydroxy acids can also lose a water molecule with the formation of intramolecular esters - lactones.

BUT-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH

Some hydroxy acids are obtained from natural products. So, lactic acid is obtained by lactic acid fermentation of sugary substances. Synthetic production methods are based on the following reactions:

1) Cl-CH 2 -COOH + HOH HO-CH 2 -COOH;

2) CH 2 \u003d CH-COOH + HOH
BUT-CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH.

acrylic acid β-hydroxypropionic acid

Glycolic (hydroxyacetic) acid - a crystalline substance found in unripe fruits, in beet juice, turnips and other plants. In industry, it is obtained by the reduction of oxalic acid. It is used for dyeing (calico printing).

Lactic acid (α-hydroxypropionic) - thick liquid or low-melting crystalline mass. Lactic acid is formed in the process of lactic acid fermentation of sugars, under the action of lactic acid bacteria. Contained in fermented milk products, sauerkraut, silage. It is used in mordant dyeing, in leather production, in medicine.

Meat-lactic acid is found in the muscle juice of animals and meat extracts.

diatomic glyceric acid participates in the life processes of plants and animals.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) - a crystalline substance found in fresh fruits, lemons, black currants, fresh vegetables - cabbage, beans. Synthetically, vitamin C is obtained by oxidation of the polyhydric alcohol sorbitol.

α-ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid is easily decomposed by atmospheric oxygen, especially when heated.

Acyclic two- and tribasic hydroxy acids.

Apple (oxysuccinic) acid (HOOC-CHOH-CH 2 -COOH) is a crystalline substance, highly soluble in water; used in medicine, found in unripe rowan, barberry, rhubarb, grape juice, wine.

Wine (tartaric, dioxysuccinic) acid (HOOC-*CHOH-*CHOH-COOH) has 2 asymmetric carbon atoms and therefore has 4 optical isomers. Forms acidic potassium salts, which are poorly soluble in water and precipitate. Salt crystals can be observed in wine (tartar). The mixed potassium-sodium salt is called Rochelle salt. Salts of tartaric acid are called tartrates.

tartar, rochelle salt

Tartaric acid is common in plants (rowan, grapes, etc.).

Lemon acid
found in citrus fruits. In industry, it is obtained from lemon fruits, by the oxidation of sugars by mold fungi, during the processing of spruce needles.

Citric acid is a biologically important compound that takes part in metabolism. It is used in medicine, food, textile industry as an additive to dyes.

Cyclic monobasic polyhydric hydroxy acids are part of bile acids and other physiologically important compounds; for example, auxin enhances plant growth.

Aromatic hydroxy acids subdivided into phenolic acids and aromatic fatty acids containing hydroxyl in the side chain.

o-hydroxybenzoic mandelic acid

aspirin salol (phenyl ether

(acetylsalicylic acid) salicylic acid)

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trioxybenzoic).

Contained in tea leaves, oak bark, pomegranate tree. In industry, it is obtained from tannin by boiling with dilute acids. It is used for the manufacture of ink, in photography, in medicine as an antiseptic. Gallic acid and its derivatives are widely used as preservatives for many food products (fats, high-grade soaps, dairy products), have tannic properties and are of some importance in the manufacture of leather and in stain dyeing.

mandelic acid refers to fatty aromatic acids (C 6 H 5 -CH (OH) -COOH), found in amygdalin, mustard, elderberry, etc.

Tannins are often derivatives of polyatomic phenols. They are part of plants and are obtained from extracts of bark, wood, leaves, roots, fruits or growths (galls).

Tannins are the most important tannins. This is a mixture of various chemical compounds, the main of which are esters of gallic and digallic acids and glucose or polyhydric alcohols.

Lipids include organic substances, many of which are esters of macromolecular fatty acids and polyhydric alcohols - these are fats, phosphatides, waxes, steroids, macromolecular fatty acids, etc.

Lipids are found mainly in plant seeds, nut kernels, and in animal organisms - in adipose and nervous tissues, especially in the brain of animals and humans.

Natural fats are mixtures of esters of the trihydric alcohol glycerol and higher carboxylic acids, i.e. mixtures of glycerides of these acids.

ABOUT General formula for fat:

where R I R II R III - hydrocarbon radicals of higher fatty acids of a normal structure with an even number of carbon atoms. Fats can contain residues of both saturated and unsaturated acids.

C 3 H 7 COOH - oil (contained in butter), etc.

C 17 H 29 COOH - linolenic, etc.

Get fats from natural sources of animal and vegetable origin.

Physical Properties fats are due to the acidic composition. Fats containing predominantly saturated acid residues are solid or ointment-like substances (mutton, beef fat, etc.). Fats, which contain mainly unsaturated acid residues, have a liquid consistency at room temperature and are called oils. Fats do not dissolve in water, but dissolve well in organic solvents: ether, benzene, chloroform, etc.

Chemical properties. Like all esters, fats undergo hydrolysis. Hydrolysis can proceed in an acidic, neutral or alkaline environment.

In the tale of the Little Humpbacked Horse, the tsar was promised youth after bathing in three cauldrons. One was with cold water, but the other two were with boiling water.

The experience was not successful. The king, as you know, boiled. Some cosmetic procedures the real world also seem fabulous.

So, at first glance, the idea of rejuvenating by injecting acid into the skin is crazy. However, doctors and cosmetologists say that acid and acid are different.

An example is glycolic. Its injections stimulate cell activity. They begin to renew themselves faster and produce more collagen, which is responsible for the elasticity of the integument.

As a result, wrinkles disappear, skin elasticity increases. Here it is, a tool worthy of kings, and at the same time, information, is it really so.

Properties of glycolic acid

Glycolic acid is a clear liquid. The presence of a yellowish color is evidence of the technical sense of the substance, that is, of low purification.

The color comes from impurities. In its pure form, the glycol compound is transparent and belongs to low toxicity.

Those who have given injections will remember that a couple of days after the procedure, the skin was reddened and swollen. But, the result, noticeable after the departure of edema, is long-term and more important.

Glycolic acid is not volatile, which makes it easier to work with the compound and use it.

If we talk about the use in cosmetology, then the size of the molecules of the substance also helps.

They are so small that they easily penetrate the skin. Why then injections? It's about the depth of penetration.

Acid from superficial creams cannot reach the deep layers of the dermis - the layer of skin that lies under the keratinized cells of the epidermis.

The size of acid particles is indicated by their molecular weight. He does not even reach 77. This is the molecular weight of hydroxyacetic acid.

This is because two names hide one connection. He also has a third name - hydroxyethanoic acid.

The names are justified by the formula of the substance: - C 2 H 4 O 3. Recording ethane: - C 2 H 6. The formula for ordinary acetic acid is: - C 2 H 4 O 2.

The prefix "hydroxy" indicates the simultaneous presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the acid. The latter is written as OH and the former as COOH.

Of the group of hydroxy acids, glycolic belongs to the simplest, containing only one hydroxyl, and only one carboxyl group at a minimum distance from each other.

Such glycolic acid formula determines its chemical properties. The low mass makes the compound easily soluble in water.

The most sparingly soluble hydroxy acids in the series have the greatest weight. Typical chemical reactions include the formation of esters, acid halides, amides, and salts.

They owe their education to the presence of a carboxyl article in the heroine. Thanks to him, hydroxy acids borrow some of the properties of carboxylic acids, whose derivatives they are.

The second half of the properties are taken from alcohols. So, composition of glycolic acid allows you to replace the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group. In this case, esters are formed, both simple and complex.

The hydroxyl group in glycolic acid can also be replaced by a halogen. Oxidation and intramolecular dehydration, that is, the splitting off of water molecules, also pass easily.

Their disconnection occurs when heated. As a result, unsaturated acids are obtained. So called compounds with double, unsaturated bonds in molecules.

It remains to find out in the course of which reaction glycolic acid. Reviews industrialists are usually affected by three methods for obtaining a reagent.

The first, so to speak, is used in the old fashioned way. The second is a novelty that is being tested. The third method is " old friend”, which is better than the new two.

Extraction of glycolic acid

The classic is the preparation of a glycol compound from monochloroacetic acid and calcium carbonate. Their interaction takes place when heated.

The decomposition reaction leads to the formation of oxalic acid and the calcium salt of glycolic acid. It remains to detach calcium from it.

The process is long-term, and this is the main problem. Glycolic acid has time to oxidize. Industrialists receive only 25-30 percent output.

Saponification of mychloroacetic acid helps to increase acid production. It is exposed to a solution of caustic steam.

The same sodium glycolic acid is formed. A solution of copper sulfate and a slightly soluble copper salt are added to it, decomposing the latter with hydrogen sulfide.

This cycle is faster. Less than half of the glycolic acid has time to oxidize.

The third method of industrial production of a glycol compound is the condensation of carbon monoxide with formaldehyde.

Carbon monoxide is CO. Formaldehyde, or, as it is also called, formic aldehyde, is written as follows: - HCHO.

The condensation takes place under pressure in the presence of catalysts. The latter are acids. The yield of the glycol substance is about 65%.

Application of glycolic acid

Having touched on the topic of cosmetology at the beginning of the article, we will reveal it to the end. The compound is used in several salon procedures.

First - peeling with glycolic acid. It belongs to the category of chemical, that is, keratinized cells are not exfoliated due to friction, but by softening dead tissues.

Glycolic acid gel destroys them in just a few minutes, simultaneously saturating the lower layers of the skin.

After, the beautician removes softened tissues, applying a caring cream. At the same time, the client feels only a slight tingling sensation.

Glycolic acid on the skin applied to open pores, improve complexion, as well as lighten it.

The bleaching properties of the solution come in handy when working with age spots and freckles.

Peeling also allows you to nullify small scars, smooth them out. By removing layers of skin, the beautician also eliminates irregularities.

Internal acid injections are aimed at skin rejuvenation. Cells, of course, are shocked.

But, this is what makes them act, actively share, resume the former level of production of collagen and hyaluronic compounds. The procedure is called mesotherapy.

The most gentle procedure is the application creams with glycolic acid.

Usually, it is advised as an additional care that accompanies a course of peels, or as a supportive effect of mesotherapy.

However, the cream can also be used separately. In this case, glycolic acid for face will give a minimal, but painless result.

Wrinkles will not go away, but the skin will become more elastic. This is the result of the production of proteins stimulated by the cream.

Outside of beauty parlors, glycolic acid is also often used to cleanse the skin.

Only now they mean the skins of animals that are used for shoes, sheepskin coats, bags, jewelry and household goods.

The heroine of the article is also capable of clearing the premises, therefore, it is added to household funds.

So, buy glycolic acid can be used as part of dishwashing liquids, or household appliances.

Industry lactic glycolic acid uses is not original. This is again cleaning, only now, industrial devices.

The low toxicity of the heroine of the article allows her to wash any food production machines, including conveyors. How much do industrialists pay for cleaning equipment? Let's find out.

Glycolic acid price

For ordinary people, the costs of industrialists remain a secret. For household needs, technical, that is, contaminated acid is used.

It is clear that the price tag for it should be lower than for the cleaned one. However, the sellers determine the exact cost during negotiations, because the deliveries are mainly wholesale.

The price tag is called based on the status of the client. Wins, of course, a regular customer. Affects the requests of sellers and the volume of the lot.

The more acids are ordered, the more impressive the discount. Things are obvious. Therefore, let's move on to the topic where you can "dig up" the specifics.

So, purified glycolic acid included in cosmetics. All of them - not from the budget.

So, a 100-ml bottle of peeling usually costs about 1,000. For 50-ml jars of creams of famous brands, they ask for 3,000-5,000 rubles.

This is the average cost. Sometimes, there are positions for a couple of thousand, or, on the contrary, 8000-15000 rubles.

A number of creams and gels are offered by cosmetic stores, and a number can be found in a pharmacy. Glycolic acid V detergents, oddly enough, does not increase their cost to several thousand rubles.

Conclusion: - The price tag for skin care products is more based on people's willingness to pay for youth and beauty. The true cost of the glycol compound seems to be within everyone's reach.

GLYCOLIC ACID- formed from glycol and various acids; gives a number of salts similar to acetic acid. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

glycolic acid— glikolio rūgštis statusas T sritis chemija formulė HOCH₂COOH atitikmenys: engl. glycolic ac >Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas

Glycolic acid- or hydroxyacetic, i.e. acetic acid, in which one hydrogen of the methyl group is replaced by hydroxyl (see), CH2 (OH). CO2H, obtained by Strecker and Sokolov (1851) by boiling benzoyl glycolic acid (see. Hippuric acid) with diluted chamois ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Glycolic acid- hydroxyacetic acid, the simplest aliphatic hydroxy acid HOCH2COOH; colorless crystals, odorless; mp 79 80 °C; dissociation constant K = 1.5 10 4; freely soluble in water and organic solvents. Contained in immature ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

GLYCOLIC ACID- HOCH2COOH, the simplest hydroxycarboxylic acid, colorless. crystals with the smell of burnt sugar, mp 79 80 0С. Contained in unripe grapes, beets, sugar cane. It is formed during the oxidation of fructose ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

glycolic acid- hydroxyacetic acid ... Dictionary of chemical synonyms I

GLYCOLIC ACID- (hydroxyacetic acid) HOCH 2 COOH, mol. m. 76.05; colorless crystals with the smell of burnt sugar; m.p. 79 80 ... Chemical Encyclopedia

hydroxyacetic acid- glycolic acid ... Dictionary of chemical synonyms I

Lactic acid- (ac. lactique, lactic ac., Milchsäure, chem.), otherwise α hydroxypropionic or ethylidene lactic acid C3H6O3 \u003d CH3 CH (OH) COOH (cf. Hydracrylic acid); three acids are known that correspond to this formula, namely: optically inactive (M. acid ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

THIOGLYCOLIC ACID— (mercaptoacetic acid) HSCH2COOH, mol. m. 92.11; colorless liquid with strong bad smell; m.p. Ch 16.5°C, bp 123°C/29 mmHg Art., 90 ° C / 6 mm Hg. Art.; 1.3253; 1.5030; 1446 kJ/mol; p … Chemical Encyclopedia

Glycolic acid is an organic compound related to fruit acids. It is usually obtained from green grapes or sugar cane. It can also be synthesized artificially. Glycolic acid is denoted by the formula C2H4O3 and has a number of unique properties allowing to use it in various cosmetic procedures.

The compound is also found in many skin care products. Its high regenerative ability is noted. It not only cleanses the skin of the upper, dead layer, but also starts the process of renewal of dermal cells. After cleansing the epidermis, the skin is evened out, and its color and texture are improved.

Properties and functions

Useful cosmetic properties of glycolic acid are determined by its ability to easily penetrate into the upper layers of the skin and dissolve dead particles. It stimulates the mechanism of cellular renewal and activates the formation of collagen fibers, which help smooth wrinkles. As part of peeling products, glycolic acid helps to remove age spots and freckles. Organic acid can perform the following functions:

acceleration of regeneration of epidermal cells;
cleaning the top layer of old cells;
removal of sebum and cleaning of pores;
normalization of activity of sweat glands;
removal or lightening of age spots and freckles;
stimulation of the synthesis of hyaluronic acid and collagen fibers;
wrinkle smoothing.

Mechanism of action on the skin

Glycolic acid dissolves the components that stick together skin scales. As a result, the process of their exfoliation is accelerated. After the removal of dead particles, the mouths of the hair follicles are released, and the release of sebum is facilitated. The acidic environment activates cell regeneration, as a result of which the skin is renewed and becomes young and fresh. At the same time, the production of collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid is stimulated in fibroblasts. The skin becomes softer and more elastic, while the tone increases and its alignment and smoothing of wrinkles occur. You can learn about masks with acids.

The drug has an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect on the points of application. The acidic environment destroys the coloring pigment melanin, which makes the spots on the face less noticeable, up to their complete discoloration.

Indications for use and benefits

This organic compound and preparations based on it can be used by all age categories of women. The effect is especially noticeable in middle-aged women with oily skin. In girls during puberty, the skin is especially sensitive and acne (acne) and pustular rashes often occur on the face, associated with hormonal changes in the body. Therefore, preparations and procedures with glycolic acid can be prescribed to girls from the age of 16. The main indications for cosmetic procedures with glycolic acid can be as follows:

problematic skin with blackheads;
enlarged pores;
acne;
aging skin;
small defects;
age pigmentation;
freckles.

In persons constantly exposed to ultraviolet radiation, negative changes in the dermis occur on exposed parts of the body, especially on the face. This process is called photoaging. The use of drugs with acid will significantly reduce the effects sunburn. Learn how to make a vitamin C mask at home at.

Contraindications and complications

Glycolic acid is a mild chemical, but there are still contraindications:

especially sensitive skin;
individual intolerance;
the presence of warts and neoplasms on problem areas;
herpes;
mechanical damage;
bacterial inflammatory process.

Regarding the use of glycolic acid during pregnancy and lactation, doctors disagree. The best option for expectant mothers would be a consultation with a dermatologist. Negative complications can occur in women with swarthy skin. The use of drugs can cause hyperpigmentation. The use of acid is not recommended for those who take retinoids (vitamin A), as these drugs increase the effect of chemical exposure.

Application in cosmetology

The widespread use of glycolic acid in cosmetology is due not only to high preventive and medicinal properties but also the low cost of the drug. Glycolic acid gives a complex anti-aging effect due to keratolytic, exfoliating and cleansing properties. If this compound is part of other drugs, then it allows you to deeply penetrate into the dermis, acting as a conductor.

The effect of cosmetic products with glycolic acid

Preparations with this acid brighten the skin and promote the synthesis of collagen fibers. The substance can be used to prevent wrinkles and reduce the defects of aging skin. Collagen fibers make the skin more elastic, which reduces the possibility of wrinkles and partially smoothes existing ones. Contributes to the narrowing of pores, which allows you to get rid of comedones and regulate the process of the appearance of sebum. A noticeable positive effect was noted when caring for damaged or diseased hair. It gives shine, restores the structure of the hair and eliminates possible itching and dandruff. Find out which are the most effective collagen masks.

Funds with C2H4O3

It is included in the following cosmetic products:

peeling;
cream;
tonic;
mask;
cleansing gel;
cleansing milk.

Before using products with C2H4O3, you should consult with a beautician.

Peeling

Peeling products with glycolic acid have gained the greatest popularity in cosmetology:

Beauty Med peeling to eliminate rough wrinkles contains no more than 10% fruit acids, so it can be used independently at home. The drug evens out the complexion, tightens pores and helps to reduce mimic and age wrinkles.
Gel peeling "Pleyana" is considered a sparing drug due to the low content of glycolic acid. stimulates the production of collagen and gives a good lifting effect.
The Neopeel Glycolic high acid range is for professional use only. Self-guided procedures are not allowed.
Peeling cream Glico-A from the French company IRIS can be used at home. cleanses and tightens pores, normalizes the work of the sebaceous glands and allows you to fight the signs of aging on the face.

Creams

Cream Glycolic Acid with birch sap is a delicate treatment for problem areas of the body. In addition to the rejuvenating effect, this cosmetic product moisturizes and fortifies the skin.

Price: 900 rubles.

Source Naturals is a blend of herbal extracts and nutrients. The cream is intended for daily use in the evening.
anti-aging anti-aging cream Collistar with a pronounced tightening effect. suitable for middle-aged women and intended for daily use.
Reviva Labs cream easily penetrates the skin, limits the appearance of wrinkles and gives the face a healthy complexion.
Face cream A'PIEU Glycolic Acid Cream has no restrictions on skin type. It can be applied both in the morning and in the evening.
Avne Cleanance K Cream-Gel cleanses pores, removes dead cells, mattifies the face and moisturizes the dermis.
Guam anti-stretch mark cream for body and chest with glycolic acid is suitable for body care in postpartum period. The composition includes oils and scrub particles.

Emulsions and lotions

Lotions and emulsions with fruit acids are universal cosmetics. They can be used regardless of the time of year and age.

Academy Exfoliating Emulsion unclogs pores and smoothes out fine lines. Apply in the evening after removing make-up.

Price: about 4500 rubles.

Clinique Mild Clarifying Lotion removes old cells, moisturizes and soothes sensitive skin.

Peeling at home

Glycolic peeling at home is available to everyone. The process consists of several successive steps that must be strictly observed:

cleansing;
application;
neutralization;
completion of the procedure;
soothing care.

Before peeling yourself, you should consult a cosmetologist and if he does not find contraindications, you can proceed to the procedure. Before the procedure, you need to clean your face with lotion. This removes dirt and dead particles. If the dermis is very rough, then two weeks before the procedure, the face should be treated with a cream containing fruit acids.

When performing the procedure, you must follow a certain sequence. The forehead is treated first, then the nose and cheeks, and lastly the chin. The first application should not exceed 2-3 minutes. Neutralization consists in treating the face with a special composition that has an alkaline reaction. After neutralization, you can wash your face with a decoction of chamomile or calendula. Within 2-3 days, you can not use decorative cosmetics, and softening and moisturizing creams should be applied to problem areas. Find out what gas-liquid peeling is.

The cost of glycol peeling in the salon

The procedure carried out in the salon includes superficial, median and deep peeling. Depending on this, as well as on the level of service, the cost of one procedure can vary from 1,000 to 5,000 rubles. Meso-peeling involves a deep effect on the dermis, while the active substances are injected by injection to a depth of 1-2 mm. One procedure will cost the client in the amount of 1,500 to 2,000 rubles.

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Conclusion

Chemical is a gentle technique and can be performed at home.
Glycolic acid is a highly effective skin care agent and promotes its rejuvenation.
Acid is a mild chemical, but there are still contraindications. During pregnancy and lactation, before use, you should consult a specialist.
When performing the procedure with glycolic acid at home, you need to follow a certain sequence. The forehead is treated first, then the nose and cheeks, and lastly the chin.