What are boots made of. Valenki: shoes of royal palaces and fashion catwalks

Fur boots, felt boots, shoes, wire rod, felt boots, chesanki, combed felt boots, felt boots, pima Dictionary of Russian synonyms. felt boots felt boots, rolled wire (simple) Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011 ... Synonym dictionary

felt boots, felt boots and felt boots, units felt boots, felt boots, for women, and felt boots, felt boots, for men. Winter shoes made of felted wool, like boots. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

felt boots- VALENKI, chesanki, unfolded. valentines, unfolded rolled wire, open pimples, open pima reduce. caress VALENochki, reduce. caress garlic ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

VALENKI, nok, unit nok, nka, husband. Soft winter boots made of wool. Hemmed in. (with sewn leather or felt sole). | adj. felt boots, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Felt boots- VALENKI. See Equipment1. The dictionary material containing the information referred to in this link has not been published... Military Encyclopedia

FELT BOOTS- Winter (see winter*) boots made of tightly knitted wool. Felt boots are made in a special way, felted (that is, rolled and kneaded while floating) from sheep's wool. From the verb to roll comes the name of this common in ... ... Linguistic Dictionary

FELT BOOTS- If you saw felt boots in a dream, then the quarrel that happened to you with a loved one will not drag on and even more so will not bring any serious consequences, no matter how you fear it, considering yourself to be the main culprit of what happened. See… … Dream Interpretation Melnikov

felt boots- (Russian felt boots) Russian zimski chizmi od valano cloth ... Macedonian dictionary

Nok, nkam; pl. (unit boots, nk; m.). Soft winter shoes with a high top, knitted from wool. Hemmed felt boots (with sewn-on leather or felt soles). ◊ (Siberian) boots. About a stupid, narrow-minded person. ◁ Valenochny, oh, oh. In oh... encyclopedic Dictionary

felt boots- nok, nkam; pl. (unit wadded/lenok, nk; m.) see also. felted boots Soft winter boots with a high top made of wool. Hemmed boots (with sewn leather or felt soles) felt boots ... Dictionary of many expressions

Books

• Felt boots
• Valenki (ed. 2019), Moshkovskaya Emma Efraimovna, Lagzdyn Gaida Reingoldovna, Solozhenkina S. A pair of cozy little felt boots on a string are two wonderful books with winter poems for kids. Poems by E. Moshkovskaya, M. Stepanova, S. Solozhenkina, G. Lagzdyn, folk songs and ...

Felt boots (pimy) are traditional shoes of the peoples of Eurasia, which are used for walking on dry snow.

To slow down wear, felt boots are hemmed with leather or rubber soles or worn with galoshes. In areas with harsh winters, felt boots are hemmed with felt, using old felt boots as the material for the tops. Rubber boots are also produced. Traditionally, felt boots are brown, black, gray and white flowers, but in last years boots are produced in a variety of colors.

People in the production of felt boots are traditionally called pimokats(rollers, spreaders of felt under the forms of shoes).

Story

Felt boots have become less popular in recent decades, being replaced by lighter and more moisture-resistant shoes. Felt boots are associated with the traditional rustic style of clothing.

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Notes

Literature

• Felted shoes // Brief Encyclopedia of Housekeeping. - M .: State Scientific Publishing House "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", 1959.

Links

An excerpt characterizing felt boots

- In places! - shouted a young officer at the soldiers gathered around Pierre. This young officer, apparently, performed his position for the first or second time, and therefore treated both the soldiers and the commander with particular distinctness and uniformity.
The erratic firing of cannons and rifles intensified throughout the field, especially to the left, where Bagration's flashes were, but because of the smoke of shots from the place where Pierre was, it was almost impossible to see anything. Moreover, observations of how, as it were, a family (separated from all others) circle of people who were on the battery, absorbed all the attention of Pierre. His first unconsciously joyful excitement, produced by the sight and sounds of the battlefield, was now replaced, especially after the sight of this lonely soldier lying in the meadow, by another feeling. Sitting now on the slope of the ditch, he watched the faces around him.
By ten o'clock, twenty people had already been carried away from the battery; two guns were broken, more and more shells hit the battery and flew, buzzing and whistling, long-range bullets. But the people who were on the battery did not seem to notice this; cheerful conversation and jokes were heard from all sides.
- Chinenko! - the soldier shouted at the approaching, whistling grenade. - Not here! To the infantry! - another added with a laugh, noticing that the grenade flew over and hit the ranks of the cover.
- What, friend? - laughed another soldier at the crouching peasant under the flying cannonball.
Several soldiers gathered at the rampart, looking at what was happening ahead.
“And they took off the chain, you see, they went back,” they said, pointing over the shaft.
“Look at your business,” the old non-commissioned officer shouted at them. - They went back, which means there is work back. - And the non-commissioned officer, taking one of the soldiers by the shoulder, pushed him with his knee. Laughter was heard.
- Roll on to the fifth gun! shouted from one side.
“Together, more amicably, in burlatski,” the cheerful cries of those who changed the gun were heard.
“Ay, I almost knocked off our master’s hat,” the red-faced joker laughed at Pierre, showing his teeth. “Oh, clumsy,” he added reproachfully to the ball that had fallen into the wheel and leg of a man.
- Well, you foxes! another laughed at the squirming militiamen who were entering the battery for the wounded.
- Al is not tasty porridge? Ah, crows, swayed! - they shouted at the militia, who hesitated in front of a soldier with a severed leg.
“Something like that, little one,” the peasants mimicked. - They don't like passion.
Pierre noticed how after each shot that hit, after each loss, a general revival flared up more and more.
As from an advancing thundercloud, more and more often, brighter and brighter flashed on the faces of all these people (as if in repulse to what was happening) lightning bolts of hidden, flaring fire.
Pierre did not look ahead on the battlefield and was not interested in knowing what was happening there: he was completely absorbed in contemplating this, more and more burning fire, which in the same way (he felt) flared up in his soul.
At ten o'clock the infantry soldiers, who were ahead of the battery in the bushes and along the Kamenka River, retreated. From the battery it was visible how they ran back past it, carrying the wounded on their guns. Some general with his retinue entered the mound and, after talking with the colonel, looking angrily at Pierre, went down again, ordering the infantry cover, which was standing behind the battery, to lie down so as to be less exposed to shots. Following this, in the ranks of the infantry, to the right of the battery, a drum was heard, shouts of command, and from the battery it was clear how the ranks of the infantry moved forward.
Pierre looked over the shaft. One face in particular caught his eye. It was an officer who, with a pale young face, was walking backwards, carrying a lowered sword, and looking around uneasily.
The ranks of infantry soldiers disappeared into the smoke, their long-drawn cry and frequent firing of guns were heard. A few minutes later, crowds of wounded and stretchers passed from there. Shells began to hit the battery even more often. Several people lay uncleaned. Near the cannons, the soldiers moved busier and more lively. No one paid any attention to Pierre anymore. Once or twice he was angrily shouted at for being on the road. The senior officer, with a frown on his face, moved with large, quick steps from one gun to another. The young officer, flushed even more, commanded the soldiers even more diligently. Soldiers fired, turned, loaded and did their job with intense panache. They bounced along the way, as if on springs.
A thundercloud moved in, and that fire burned brightly in all faces, the flaring up of which Pierre watched. He stood beside the senior officer. A young officer ran up, with his hand to his shako, to the older one.
- I have the honor to report, Mr. Colonel, there are only eight charges, will you order to continue firing? - he asked.
- Buckshot! - Without answering, shouted the senior officer, who was looking through the rampart.
Suddenly something happened; the officer gasped and, curled up, sat down on the ground like a bird shot in the air. Everything became strange, unclear and cloudy in Pierre's eyes.
One after another, the cannonballs whistled and beat at the parapet, at the soldiers, at the cannons. Pierre, who had not heard these sounds before, now only heard these sounds alone. On the side of the battery, on the right, with a cry of “Hurrah,” the soldiers ran not forward, but backward, as it seemed to Pierre.
The core hit the very edge of the shaft in front of which Pierre was standing, poured the earth, and a black ball flashed in his eyes, and at the same instant slapped into something. The militia, who had entered the battery, ran back.
- All buckshot! the officer shouted.
The non-commissioned officer ran up to the senior officer and in a frightened whisper (as the butler reports to the owner at dinner that there is no more required wine) said that there were no more charges.
- Robbers, what are they doing! the officer shouted, turning to Pierre. The senior officer's face was red and sweaty, and his frowning eyes shone. - Run to the reserves, bring the boxes! he shouted, angrily looking around Pierre and turning to his soldier.

Today, shoe stores present us with a huge variety of boots, shoes, boots and much more. But there is a special kind of winter shoes that were worn even in ancient times. What is this? Of course, warm Russian felt boots!

They are made from sheep's wool, which is subjected to a special felting process. Boots are worn in winter, when the snow is dry outside, but if it is damp, then they put on galoshes that protect the boots and legs themselves.

It is believed that these felt boots are primordially Russian footwear. But in fact, felt boots are traditional for the Eurasian peoples. The history of the creation of felt boots begins 2.5 millennia ago. It was then that the first felt products were found in the Altai Mountains. The process of felting shoes came from Asian countries. Felt boots came to Russian residents during the invasion of the Golden Horde. The Mongols had shoes similar to felt boots, which were called "pima".

Mass production, as the history of the appearance of boots says, began in Russia only in the 18th century. It happened in the city of Myshkin, to our time there is a museum of felt boots. The technology of creation for the first time provided for the possibility of felting boots entirely with the bootleg. Since then, these shoes have become so popular in Rus'. Workshops specializing in the manufacture of felt boots were opened all over the country, and factories for their production appeared in large cities.

The process of creating felt boots is very laborious. You must first prepare the wool: clean and knead until it becomes soft. Previously, this was done manually, and later they began to use special devices. After that, the material was placed in a hot saline solution for a while, and then put on a shoe mold and knocked down to the desired size. special feature quality shoes, which surprised many, is considered to be its seamlessness. The boot is a one-piece product, and only for greater wear resistance can a rubber sole be attached.

Felt boots have acquired many different names over their long history, for example, like felt boots, chesanki and wire rod. In addition, these shoes were only available to rich people. Valenki were considered one of the best gifts in winter. Woolen boots also require special care, so they were always monitored so that they could serve their owner as long as possible, and even passed from generation to generation.

Valenki are considered useful shoes. The fact is that the sheep wool from which the boot is made absorbs and evaporates moisture, and this has a positive effect on pain in the legs, cramps or for people suffering from rheumatism. The legs breathe in them, and the feet do not deform. Is it really worth wearing boots?

Today, these amazing shoes are gaining popularity again and appearing in stores in in large numbers. And now there is such a huge variety of them that even a fastidious buyer will pick up excellent shoes for himself. Felt boots began to be made multi-colored, with embroidery, beads, appliqués, short, high, with fur and even lace. So there are prerequisites for everyone to start wearing these comfortable and useful traditional shoes again.

In alens, wire rods, scooters, chesanki, felt boots, fallen trees - as soon as they don’t call shoes made of sheep wool in Russia! But felt boots were not always the usual winter footwear: once a luxury item in peasant families was worn “in line”, given as a dowry to brides and even passed down from generation to generation. We recall interesting facts from the history of felt boots together with Natalia Letnikova.

The first felt boots in Rus'. The earliest evidence of the use of felt in the country dates back to the 4th century BC. e. Archaeologists found the remains of felted wool in permafrost conditions in the Pazyryk mounds of the Altai Mountains. The peoples living here covered yurts with it, made hats and clothes from wool. Costume historians believe that nomadic peoples also invented felted shoes. And along with them - during the years of the Mongol-Tatar yoke - felt boots appeared in Russian villages and cities.

From piece goods to felting factories. In the 16th-17th centuries felt boots were made in Siberia and several northern regions. Manual labor was painstaking, felt boots were made for a long time. The tops were felted separately, and then sewn to short chuns or pimas - this is how short woolen boots were called in Siberia. They learned how to make one-piece shoes in the Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province in the 18th century. In the villages, felt boots remained expensive and valuable shoes - sometimes they were the only one for the whole family.

Felt boots began to be made industrially only a century later. The first felting and rolling factories appeared in Russia, and footwear became more popular - both in the city and in the countryside.

Fashion from the royal palace. Until the 19th century, felt boots were made by hand, shoes were expensive. They were often worn by members of the upper classes. Peter I complained about warm comfortable shoes: in the winter, after a bath and swimming in an ice-hole, he demanded “schi and felt boots”. Catherine the Great looked for salvation in them for her sick legs. Empress Anna Ioannovna allowed the ladies-in-waiting to wear felt boots even with formal dresses: in the winter cold, fireplaces could not cope with the heating in the spacious ballrooms.

Russian boots - medalists of international exhibitions. In the 19th century, felt boots became known throughout Europe. They were brought to the first international exhibition in London, where traditional shoes aroused great interest among the audience - as did Russian downy shawls.

Factory felt boots from the enterprise of Mitrofan Smirnov from the village of Neklyudovo appeared at world exhibitions in Vienna in 1873, in Chicago in 1893 and in Paris in 1900. Everywhere they received gold and silver medals. Traditional shoes participated in international "reviews" and after the revolution - in 1919 in Paris.

Valenki on fashion catwalks. WITH light hand Vyacheslav Zaitsev, traditional shoes are firmly entrenched on fashion catwalks. He added them to his collection for the first time back in 1963, when he directed experimental group garment factory Mosoblsovnarkhoz. Then models in quilted jackets and colored felt boots performed at the shows. After that, the shoes appeared more than once on the fashion catwalks. Defile in felt boots was staged by Russian athletes at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics and students at the 2009 Universiade in China.

Valenki in Russian museums. Four museums of felt boots have been opened in Russia: in Moscow, Myshkin, Kineshma and the Mordovian village of Urusovo. There are also officers' felt boots burkas, which were worn a hundred years ago by military policemen, and soldier's felt boots of the times of the Great Patriotic War. On the felt boots of the Karelian partisans there are special hooks for skis, and on the hussar warm shoes from the Myshkin Museum - spurs.

Art object "Russian size". The largest felt boot in the world - six meters high - was piled in St. Petersburg. The artist Valeria Loshak worked for a year and spent 300 kilograms of sheep's wool on her felted sculpture. It took three days to install the woolen monument on the Obvodny Canal embankment, it was assembled from parts right on the spot. It was possible to enter the art object through a special entrance in the heel; three adults could fit inside.

The former record holder was a felt boot from Kineshma with a height of 168 centimeters. It is stored in the Kineshma Museum of felt boots.

Recently, traditional Russian shoes - felt boots, are gaining more and more popularity in fashion circles. Top models at the suggestion of well-known couturiers flaunt them on the main catwalks largest countries peace. Of course, the appearance of such “fashion novelties” has been somewhat modified to fit into the everyday life of megacities more easily. But the very essence of this type of footwear cannot be changed by anything: they are very warm, natural and from them in good sense smells of Russian spirit.

Traditionally, such shoes are made from felted wool (in fact, the manufacturing process itself gave the name to the recognizable symbol of Russian culture), often sheep, but in our time there are exceptions. For example, no one can be surprised by a product made of camel wool, the use of which adds lightness and fluffiness to the familiar look of felted wool boots.

When did felt boots appear in Rus'

Scientists and archaeologists agree that winter footwear familiar to us begins its history even before our era. Something resembling the material of modern specimens was found during excavations in the Altai Mountains in one of the Pazyryk mounds.

In fact, felt boots are shoes made of felt., and at one time many household items were made from it: bedding, bedspreads, carpets, some items of clothing (even linings for chain mail), blankets for horses and much more. The most important advantage of using felt products is the versatility of this material: it is not hot in summer and not cold in winter, and it also perfectly removes moisture.

They are even mentioned in the famous "Tale of Igor's Campaign", and this, for a moment, is the XII century. Of course, about the resemblance to modern version needless to say, because a one-piece felt boot appeared in the Russian Empire only at the beginning of the 19th century. By the way, this pleasure was not cheap, and not every peasant in the country could afford such shoes. Of course, with the development of production, felt boots fell in price and became more affordable, but the brides had a special interest in the groom who owns such a dowry.

Reference! To make one pair of felt boots, you need about 1 kg of wool. Approximately as much material can be obtained by shearing one sheep of an ordinary breed and carrying out a complete cleaning of the wool.

It was already in the days of the Soviet Union that felt boots became publicly available, and even today such shoes can be purchased at a fairly low price. In some northern regions of Russia, they are still widely used in severe frosts.

Who invented boots

No matter how felt boots in our perception are strongly associated with Russia, historians still believe that the prototype of this seemingly 100% domestic footwear came to us along with the legendary Golden Horde. They looked, of course, not like the current ones, but the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreation is attributed precisely to nomadic tribes of Turkic or Mongolian origin.

The very name “boots” cannot be associated with any specific historical figure, because, as in the case of the main centuries-old heritage of our nation, this word came from the people. True, it sounded somewhat different and varied from felt boots to rolled wire. In any case, the name of this shoe reflects the method of manufacture.

The main producers in pre-revolutionary Russia were factories located in the Kalyazinsky, Semyonovsky and Kineshma counties, as well as in the village. Kukmor.

In the entire history of the existence of such boots, the essence of production has not changed, only in Lately electric machines came to the aid of man for some stages of production. Basically, the manufacture of felt boots is manual labor, and it consists of several stages.

• Cleaning and washing. sheep wool should be separated from various debris. After that, washing in a variety of solutions, washing and drying of the source material takes place.
• Combing. Machine tools are often used at this stage, since pure wool is loosened and rewound on rollers to form coils.
• Giving the future boots shape. With the help of exclusively manual labor woolen boots are formed: they are given a shape similar to the finished product, but much larger.
• Felting and drying. In a special machine or manually under the influence of steam and hot water felt boots are processed to the desired size, reduced, put on the block. In this form, the shoes are dried for 6 hours under the influence of high temperature.

Modern manufacturing process

These days, boots are usually produced with soles in order to make these shoes more versatile. And yet, in areas where winter is mainly accompanied by slush on the roads, it is better to give preference to models with a surface specially treated for such cases.

What surprises curious minds to this day with these unique boots? Below we will give some fascinating facts, and you will understand that felt boots are truly unusual shoes which has no analogues in the whole world.

• Fact 1. Boots, like flippers, are not right or left (provided that we are talking about a model without a sole). And they evenly sit on the leg over time, so you need to purchase these shoes one size larger.
• Fact 2. Due to the material and method of manufacture, felt boots retain healing properties like many natural wool products. They warm up the joints well and disperse the blood, which is most important for the older generation.
• Fact 3. The largest felt boot three years ago appeared in St. Petersburg, his foot length is 5 m. In the heel area there is a door through which anyone can go inside in the harsh winter and warm up. The smallest specimens in the world appeared in Omsk in 2012, the length of the sole does not exceed 3 mm.

• Fact 4. Making felt boots on your own is quite realistic. Indeed, recently felting from wool has become a very popular activity, and there is a lot of information on making felt boots at home on the Internet.