Cromlech stonehenge in uk is a mysterious legacy of the ancients. Stonehenge - a mystery of nature or a creation of mankind? Stonehenge is located in

Stonehenge is a giant stone mystery in the very center of Europe. Today, very little is known about its origin, purpose and history. The mystery remains how ordinary people could calculate and build such a hulk. Our review contains 15 facts about one of the most mysterious monuments in Europe.

Despite the fact that there are still disputes about who and why Stonehenge was built, scientists have clear view about when it was built. The oldest elements of the megalithic structure date back to 3000 BC. (then they started to dig 2-meter ditches to form the outer features of the structure). Stones began to be installed around 2500 BC, and finally their modern appearance Stonehenge acquired around 1500 BC.

2. There are special terms for discussing this kind of monuments

There are two main types of stones at Stonehenge. The large upright and arch stones are composed of sarsen, a type of sandstone that is common in the region. The smaller stones are known as " blue stones". So they were named because they acquire a bluish tint when wetted. The giant three arches that made Stonehenge famous are called triliths.

3 Some Of The Stonehenge Stones Were Delivered From Far Away

When it came time to choose the stones to build, the Neolithic builders of Stonehenge did not like the local stones. Some relatively small bluestones (which can weigh up to four tons) have been imported from the Preseli Mountains in Wales. No one knows how giant stones were delivered over 250 km.

4 Stonehenge Was Originally A Cemetery

Although the original purpose of Stonehenge's construction is still shrouded in mystery, anthropologists can say with certainty that in the period before the appearance of the first large stones, the monument served as a resting place for the remains. Currently, at least 64 Neolithic people are known to have been buried at Stonehenge.

5. The remains continued to be buried at Stonehenge and later

Most of the remains found at Stonehenge were ash. However, in 1923, archaeologists discovered the skeleton of a decapitated Anglo-Saxon man dating back to the 7th century AD. Since the man was executed, it can be assumed that he was a criminal, but his burial at Stonehenge led archaeologists to believe that he could belong to the royal dynasty.

6. Rumors about the purpose of Stonehenge are often completely ridiculous.

Stonehenge's dark past has given rise to countless theories about the monument's original use. Theories range from a Druidic temple or observatory to a solemn site for the coronation of Danish kings. More far-fetched theories suggest that Stonehenge is a model of the solar system built by ancient aliens.

7. The first written mention of Stonehenge dates back to the 12th century.

Historian and explorer Henry Huntington is believed to have made the first written mention of Stonehenge in the following passage, which dates from 1130: “Stanenge, where stones of amazing size are set in the manner of doorways ... and no one can understand how such huge blocks were able to lift, and why it was done that way.

8. In the Middle Ages, people believed that Stonehenge was created by the sorcerer Merlin

In the absence of any more compelling theories about the creation of Stonehenge, medieval Britons believed the speculation laid out by the clergy historian Geoffrey of Monmouth. He claimed that the mysterious monument was the work of the legendary sorcerer Merlin.

9 Popular Myth: The Devil Created Stonehenge

Witchcraft was not the only supernatural explanation for the appearance of the melalitic monument. The mystery surrounding the transportation of the blue stone from Wales to Wiltshire has given rise to yet another paranormal explanation: the stones were placed by the devil simply out of mischief.

10 Neo-Druid Alco Ceremony

In 1905, a group of 700 people, allegedly members of the Ancient Order of the Druids, organized a supposedly religious ceremony at Stonehenge, at which alcohol flowed like rivers. Contemporary print media gleefully ridiculed the event.

11. Visitors are not allowed to climb rocks.

The ban appeared only in 1977, when the fact of significant erosion of stones due to their contact with people was established. And at the beginning of the 20th century, tourists were given chisels to make it easier for them to chip off a souvenir for themselves.

12. Charles Darwin made interesting discoveries while studying earthworms at Stonehenge.

In his old age, Charles Darwin became interested in earthworms. One of the sections of his works is devoted to the studies of the famous naturalist at Stonehenge. In 1870, Darwin studied earthworms and stated that as a result of the activities of these animals, large stones gradually sink into the ground.

13. Stonehenge used to be a full circle

Recently, restorers noticed strange dents in the peat around Stonehenge. Scientists have suggested that these are traces of stones that once closed the ring of the monument, and sank into the ground over the centuries.

14 An Ordinary British Citizen Owned Stonehenge For Three Years

Stonehenge has been the legal property of the British state for most of the last century, but would never have fallen into the hands of the government were it not for the charity of Cecil Chubb. In 1915, a millionaire bought Stonehenge for his wife as a gift for £ 6,600. However, his wife did not like the gift and three years later Chubb donated Stonehenge to the state on the condition that the monument be maintained unchanged and open to visitors.

15. In the fall of 2015, you can bet on Stonehenge

For the centenary of Chubb's landmark purchase, an interactive re-enactment of the 1915 auction called "Sale of the Century" is being held. All bets will go to the reconstruction of the monument.

Lovers of history and antiquities will be interested in and who will dispel many of the myths that existed about this monument.

Just 130 km from the capital of Great Britain, the oldest building is located, the reason for the construction of which cannot be named until now. Stonehenge is still shrouded in secrets and mystical mysteries, attracting not only curious tourists, but also paleontologists, historians, anthropologists, archaeologists and many other scientists.

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Giant stone giants have been guarding Stonehenge for more than 5 millennia, strictly guarding in secret the true reason for the creation of this peculiar monument of antiquity. Located in the middle of the Salisbury chalk plateau, the structure of huge stone blocks covers an area of ​​​​107 square meters. km and is located in the middle of a swampy area near the Devonshire hills. Unsolved mysteries ancient stonehenge give reason to call it the eighth wonder of the world. No wonder Stonehenge is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Origin of the word Stonehenge

Like the building itself, the word "Stonehenge" has an ancient origin. It is believed that it comes from the phrase of the Old English words "stan" and "hencg", which translates as a stone rod. In fact, the upper stones are fixed on huge boulders in the form of rods. There is an assumption that the word "Stonehenge" has in its structure the Old English "hencen", which means "gallows" in translation, since stone structures made of two vertical blocks and a horizontal slab lying on them resemble medieval gallows.

These sculptures, reminiscent of medieval execution tools, were called triliths, which in Greek means three stones. There are five such triliths weighing 50 tons. In addition to huge triliths, 30 stone blocks weighing 25 tons each and 82 five-ton megaliths were used in the creation of Stonehenge - large fragments of rocks that were used in ancient times for the construction of structures with religious purposes.

grand building

The stone monoliths of Stonehenge are laid out around the perimeter of a large circle. On top of these blocks are huge stone slabs. Inside the circle there are stone blocks of larger sizes and covered with larger slabs, which are arranged in the form of a horseshoe. In the inner part of this peculiar horseshoe, there are blue stones that form a smaller horseshoe.

Averubi and Silbury Hill

During the study of Stonehenge, even more ancient structures were discovered nearby - a huge circle laid out with the help of stone vertical slabs - Averubi and Silbury Hill - a cone-shaped man-made mound reaching a height of 45 m. When studying these structures, they came to an interesting conclusion that they are all connected between themselves, forming a whole. Scientists made such a conclusion on the basis of the fact that between Stonehenge, Averubi and Silbury Hill the distance is 20 km, and they themselves are located so that they are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle.

Mysteries of Stonehenge

None of the scientists can definitely say for what purpose and how exactly this stone structure was erected. It remains a mystery how, several centuries before the victory over Troy, multi-ton blocks were delivered to the site of the construction of Stonehenge, if the distance to the nearest rocks is 350 km. Even using modern construction equipment, it is not at all easy to deliver a stone block weighing 25 tons to such a distance, but it is impossible to understand how this was achieved in the 2nd millennium BC.

Trying to somehow explain the reason for the appearance of stone monoliths on a swampy plain, people composed legends and tales. According to one of them, the powerful sorcerer Merlin brought legendary giants here by air to heal their wounds here. The British call Stonehenge "the dance of the giants". Indeed, the stones arranged in a circle are associated with a round dance of giants holding hands.

Another mystery of Stonehenge concerns the construction of a megalith over the crossing points of underground rivers. Under Stonehenge there are huge reserves of groundwater. Their presence can be explained by the location of the stone structure in a swampy area, but how to explain how the ancient people managed to accurately position the megalith remains a mystery.

The construction of Stonehenge lasted about 2000 years. IN Lately Archaeologists have found on the territory of this stone structure evidence of ancient wooden monumental buildings that were erected here 8000 years ago.

cult place

Later, on the territory of Stonehenge, two earthen ramparts were formed in the form of a circle with a diameter of about 115 meters, separated by a deep moat dug by deer antlers. During excavations in some areas of the moat, bones of large animals were found, and in some places the remains of burnt corpses. Based on the conducted research, we came to the conclusion that this place was a cult and sacrifices were made here. Many hundreds of years after the final construction of Stonehenge, it began to be used as a cemetery for cremated remains.

Stonehenge stones

Inside the moat are blue stones, which were laid much later, around 1800 BC. e. Experts have established that these huge blocks were brought here from deposits located in different places, and moved from one place to another repeatedly. How it was possible without modern technology is hard to imagine. Outside the circle is a huge monolith called the heel of the fleeing monk. On the opposite side of the shafts, opposite the "Heel" stone, there is a "Stone block" inside.

Despite its name, the stone has nothing to do with sacrifices. Being exposed to external natural factors, weathering products appeared on the stone - iron oxides, which have a blood-red color. These "bloody" spots gave the stone its name.

In the center of Stonehenge, a block of green sandstone weighing about 6 tons was installed, which served as an altar.

The largest reconstruction of Stonehenge took place at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Huge stone blocks were delivered to the construction area from the southern hills located at a distance of 40 km from the construction site. Even such an insignificant distance by today's standards is difficult to overcome in modern conditions to transport 30 huge stone blocks. What can we say about the delivery of stone blocks at the end of the III millennium BC? The results of that ancient reconstruction have survived to this day in almost unchanged form.

purpose

Scientists all over the world are lost in conjectures about the purpose of Stonehenge. There are a number of assumptions and versions on this account. Some consider the gigantic building an ancient observatory, others argue that the Druids performed their religious rites here. It is believed that Stonehenge was built as a landing site for alien ships, and adherents of the existence of parallel dimensions are sure that a portal to other worlds opens here.

Some 5,000-year-old rock carvings discovered 14 km from Addis Ababa allegedly contain images similar to stone blocks of Stonehenge. In one of these ancient drawings above the center of a stone statue, the image resembles a spaceship taking off.

Paranormal activity

Paranormal researchers claim that amazing things happen near the complex. Once, during a tour of Stonehenge, the boy accidentally touched one of the stones with a piece of curved wire and fell unconscious. After this incident, the child could not recover for a long time and lost the ability to move his arms and legs for a whole six months.

While photographing Stonehenge in 1958, the photographer observed rising pillars of light above huge boulders. And in 1968, one of the eyewitnesses said that he saw a fiery ring emanating from the stones of Stonehenge, in which there was a bright luminous object. In 1977, eyewitnesses managed to film a UFO squadron over a megalith on a video camera, and this video was shown on all British television channels. It is interesting that during the observation of unidentified objects, the eyewitnesses' compass broke and the portable TV failed.

In the Stonehenge area, scientists have repeatedly heard clicking sounds and a strange buzz of unknown origin. Many scientists claim that the reason for such phenomena lies in the strong magnetic field that spreads around Stonehenge. Surprisingly, the compass needle, which should point to the south, always turns towards the center of the megalith, no matter which side of the structure you stop on. It is difficult to explain another strange phenomenon. If you knock on one of the stones in a certain way, then the sound will spread to all the stones, although they are not connected to each other.

Versions of scientists

The English architect of the 17th century Inigo Jones, studying the structure, came to the conclusion that the structure of Stonehenge resembles the architecture of ancient times and suggested that these were the ruins of an ancient Roman temple. Another version indicates that the pagan queen Boadicea, who fought with the Romans, was buried on the territory of Stonehenge. In this regard, there is an opinion that the leaders of the ancient tribes were also buried in Stonehenge.

Later, scientists suggested that Stonehenge was erected in order to accurately predict the time of lunar and solar eclipses, as well as the dates for the start of field work. The proof is the fact that on the day summer solstice during sunrise, its beam passes exactly in the middle of this stone structure. However, this version was rejected by skeptics, who argue that it was hardly justified to invest so much effort and money to make sure that the ordinary calendar and the change of seasons existed.

According to many scholars, Stonehenge was a place of pilgrimage and healing. An analysis of human bones found in burial places on the territory of stone structures showed that the people buried here suffered from serious diseases. Warriors wounded in battles, crippled and hopelessly ill, rushed to the blue stones of Stonehenge, hoping to get healed here. Many, without waiting for recovery, died and were buried here.

Already at the dawn of the development of civilizations, people began to build grandiose structures, which later became known to the whole world. The Stonehenge cromlech in Great Britain was no exception, the age of which is only slightly behind the famous Egyptian pyramids.

What is Stonehenge? History and interesting facts

A cromlech is an ancient structure of stones placed vertically, forming one or more circles. Stonehenge in England belongs to this type of ancient buildings.

Despite all its grandeur and antiquity, Stonehenge could not get into the classic list of wonders of the world. And in general, there are no mentions of him in the writings of Greek and Roman scientists, apparently piles of stones did not delight people of that time.

Sketch of the end of the 19th century

There were legends about the construction of the Stonehenge complex among local residents. Its construction was attributed both to Merlin and to antediluvian giants. The inhabitants of ancient Britain called this building the "Dance of the Giants".

Studies of the Stonehenge cromlech began under King James I. And in 1655, the first book dedicated to this building, by the author John Webb, was published. In the 60s of the XX century, astronomer Gerald Hawkins put an end to the study of Stonehenge. He showed that this stone ring could have been used as a very precise observatory, allowing the ancient Britons to make astronomical observations and calculations.

Reconstruction by William Stunkley

The construction time of Stonehenge is estimated between 1900 and 1600. It took more than one century and the work of a very large number of people to build it, although even in those days there were few people in Great Britain. On the Salisbury Plain at that time several peoples were noticed at once: the Windmillhill people, the Beakers, the Wessexes. Now it is impossible to say for sure who built Stonehenge from them. Some researchers suggest that all these peoples had a hand in the construction of the structure.

How was Stonehenge built?

Stonehenge stones used in construction are of different nature. This is dolerite, and volcanic lava, and volcanic tuff. There is sandstone and limestone. An analysis of the area showed that some of the stones were delivered from a site located 210 kilometers from the construction site. They could be delivered both by water and on skating rinks. They even conducted studies that showed that a group of 24 people is able to move a stone weighing one ton one kilometer per day. The heaviest stones were brought here from a closer place, located 30 kilometers away. The weight of the largest stones reaches 50 tons. Ancient builders could deliver such blocks only in a few years.

The processing of stones was carried out in several stages. By the method of impact and treatment with fire and water, the necessary stones were prepared for transportation. And already on the spot, fine processing and polishing was carried out.

Reconstruction

The process of installing cromlech stones at Stonehenge in England is also interesting. So before laying the "brick" a hole was dug, sheer on three sides and sloping on the other. The hole was lined with stakes and a stone was rolled over them. Then, with the help of ropes, the monoliths were lifted and dug up. But if everything is clear with vertical stones, then the question remains how the crossbars were installed. It was assumed that embankments were made for their hoisting, along which blocks were dragged. But such work would have taken more time than the construction of the entire complex, and no traces of the embankments being erected were found. Another of the assumptions - the stones were raised with the help of logs. Logs were placed, and a stone was dragged onto them. A higher pile of logs was built nearby, and a stone was raised on it, etc.

According to estimates, the construction took 300 years of continuous work of thousands of people. Of course, the question arises why Stonehenge was built and why such hard efforts were needed. Some archaeologists suggest that the ancient British worshiped the Sun, while others only talk about the use of the complex in astronomical calculations.

Stonehenge attracts crowds of tourists. This is especially true on the summer solstice. On this day, the Sun rises exactly above the Heel Stone, which once again confirms the conjectures about the use of Stonehenge as an ancient observatory. The possibilities of this stone circle even make it possible to predict eclipses.

And although Stonehenge was not included in the list of ancient wonders of the world, the skill of its construction is not inferior to the famous buildings and attracts the views of millions of people every year.

Where is Stonehenge located on the map?

Stonehenge is located in England (Wiltshire) 13 kilometers north of Salisbury

Coordinates - 51°10′43.9″ s. sh. 1°49′35.08″ W d.

Stonehenge is visited by 1 million tourists every year, but it remains a mystery. Scientists attribute its construction to Neolithic times, but for some reason the first mention of this "wonder of the world" is found only in the 11th century AD.

Who built?

Version number 1. Celts
For a long time, scientists believed that Stonehenge was built by the Celts. However, today this version has been refuted. The dates don't match. The first Celtic archaeological culture (Hallstatt) appeared in the 9th century BC. Whereas the dating of the construction of Stonehenge officially accepted today boils down to the fact that the last stage of its construction falls on the 11th century BC.

Version number 2. Ancient Britons
If not the Celts, then who? Professor Michael Pearson (University of Sheffield), head of the ten-year research Stonehenge Riverside Project and author of Stonehenge: Exploring the Stone Age's Greatest Mystery, claims that the megalithic complex was built by the ancient Britons, representatives of the tribes who lived in the British Isles at the end of the Bronze Age, during the Neolithic . Today it is the most "working" version.

Version number 3. Merlin
In the Middle Ages, the legend set forth in Geoffrey of Monmouth's "History of the Britons" was popular. It lies in the fact that the megalithic complex was transferred from Ireland by the wizard Merlin. The legendary magician thus fulfilled the will of Aurelius Ambrosi (uncle of King Arthur) to perpetuate 460 British leaders who were treacherously killed by the Saxons during the negotiations. Since then, the Britons called this complex "Dance of the Giants".

Version number 4. Hoaxers

There is also a version that Stonehenge is a hoax, "worked out" in the 20th century. In 2013, an article went viral on the Internet proving that the famous Bronze Age monolith was built between 1954 and 1958.

As evidence, the author of the material cites a lot of "sensational" photographic materials, where some people use cranes to install megaliths into the ground. A theoretical "base" is also given: allegedly, the British Ministry of Defense bought up land in the Stonehenge area and conducted military exercises there until the Second World War.

During the war, the territories of nearby villages were evicted and supposedly today are under the authority of military structures. The author writes: “On the territory protected by the British military department, this “center of ancient civilization”, “the legacy of great ancestors”, “monument of humanity”, which became the most important cult center of no less purposefully planted “spirituality” was consciously and purposefully erected.

Version "hot", but baseless. What is presented in it as the construction of Stonehenge is just its restoration. We will tell you more about her.

Why did you build?

Version number 1. Observatory
To date, the generally accepted version is that Stonehenge is an ancient observatory. The authorship of this version belongs to Boston University astronomy professor Gerald Hawkins. In the late 1950s, he entered into a computer the coordinates of the plates and other parameters of Stonehenge, as well as a model of the movement of the Sun and Moon.

In 1965, the scientist wrote the book Stonehenge Deciphered, where he provided evidence that Stonehenge made it possible to predict astronomical phenomena, while being an observatory, a computing center and a calendar..

Another famous astronomer, Fred Hoyle, also dealt with the problem of Stonehenge and found that the builders of the megalithic complex knew the exact orbital period of the moon and the length of the solar year.

Version number 2. Galaxy model
In 1998, astronomers recreated a computer model of the original appearance of Stonehenge and came to the conclusion that the stone observatory is also a cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to the ideas of the ancients, the solar system consists of twelve planets, two of which are located beyond the orbit of Pluto, and one more - between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Version number 3. Ritual complex
A four-year study by the Austrian Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Exploration and Virtual Archeology has established that Stonehenge is not a single standing megalith, but part of a huge ritual complex of 18 parts located in an area of ​​12 square kilometers from Stonehenge.
Surveys were carried out using remote sensing and other advanced geophysical methods.

Version number 3. "Disco"
Perhaps the most original version of the purpose of Stonehenge (if you do not take into account the alien base for humanoids) is the version that Stonehenge is an ancient "disco".
Professor Rupert Till, an expert in acoustics and music technology from the University of Huddersfield, conducted research and came to the conclusion that the gigantic stones of the complex are ideal sound reflectors. If placed in a certain order, they can produce interesting acoustic effects.

Of course, Rupert Till did his experiments (after computer simulation) not in England, but in the state of Washington, where there is an exact copy of the megalithic complex. This version, although it seems strange, does not exclude the previous one - ritual dances could be held at the temple to the accompaniment of musical instruments.

How was it built?

To shed light on how Stonehenge was built, scientists have helped the study of the materials of which it is composed. The complex is composed of three types of stones:

1) Dolerite ("blue" stone, more precisely, gray sandstone with a bluish tint)
2) Rhyolite
3) Volcanic tuff.

Stones of these rocks are found only in the mountains of Wales (210 km from Stonehenge, and taking into account the features of the relief - 380 km).

According to Stonehenge researcher Richard Atkinson, the stones were carried on wooden sledges over logs. Experiments have shown that 24 people can move a load of one ton in this way at a speed of one and a half kilometers a day.

Most of the journey was on water. The speed of movement was also facilitated by the fact that the stones were processed even before they were moved into place, using both stone tools and heat treatment for this.

According to Gerald Hawkins, to install the blocks, a hole was first dug to size, three of which were sheer, and one with a 45-degree angle, which was used as a receiving ramp.

Before setting the stone, the walls of the pit were lined with wooden stakes. Thanks to them, the stone slid down without showering the ground. The lower parts of the blocks, upholstered in the form of a blunt cone, could be rotated on their axis even after the earth had been rammed.

What's left of Stonehenge?

If you look at the picture of John Consable, written by him from life on the territory of Stonehenge in 1835, we will see piles of piled stones. This is how the legendary megalithic complex looked until the beginning of the 20th century. Since then, as we know, he has changed. Not everyone knows about it, but Stonehenge has undergone a serious and lengthy restoration.

Its first stage took place in 1901. Reconstruction continued until 1964, and information about the work was carefully concealed. When it became known to the general public, it gave rise to numerous attacks from the public and the press. There was something to be angry about. In fact, the complex was rebuilt. With the help of cranes, the restorers erected megaliths and lintels, strengthened the stones, and concreted their foundations.

By and large, Stonehenge is "no longer the same", but it is not customary to mention this in booklets. Otherwise, this most famous (but far from unique) megalithic complex would not provide an influx of 1 million thousand tourists a year.

Photo source: id.wikipedia.org

May 16th, 2013

Here is the famous Stonehenge ( Stonehenge). As many people know the oldest monument and artifact of past civilizations and beliefs. However, maybe I will surprise someone, we can consider in almost all details the process of building this ancient monument. And first, let's remember the official history of the monument.

Stonehenge, according to accepted dating methods, is a little younger than the famous Egyptian pyramids. But he did not enter the list of the ancient seven wonders of the world - neither Greek nor Roman authors write anything about him. Probably, the Romans were not impressed by these stones, because they saw the ancient Egyptian pyramids, and they themselves built majestic temples. Today it is no longer possible to establish who was the first biographer of Stonehenge. Already by the XII century, all information about its origin was dissolved in myths and no one remembered the true purpose of the monument. Who built it? The ancient British called Stonehenge the "Dance of the Giants". Rumor attributed its authorship to the great magician Merlin.

Other legends spoke of giants who once lived, before the first Flood - they allegedly built Stonehenge. King James I, visiting him, was amazed by what he saw and ordered the architect Inigo Jones to sketch the plan of the structure and establish for certain who and when it was created. In 1655, John Webb published The Most Remarkable Antiquity of Great Britain, Colloquially Called Stone Heng, Restored, the first edition devoted to Stonehenge. And in the 60s of the XX century, astronomer Gerald Hawkins put an end to the research, proving that Stonehenge is an ancient observatory that allows astronomical observations to be carried out with high accuracy. Stonehenge was built between 1900 and 1600 BC. e., and its construction took almost a century. The population of Britain was small in those distant centuries. Beginning around 3000 B.C. e. farmers from the continent began to settle again on the islands - the so-called Windmillhill people - after the name of the hill near Stonehenge.

It was thanks to them that the Salisbury Plain became the center of crafts and cattle breeding. After 2000 B.C. e. Here are the beakers. Their arrival coincided with the beginning of the Bronze Age. And three hundred years later, the Wessexes came here, lovers of long-distance travels - in their graves, objects from all corners of the then ecumene are especially often found - faience from Egypt, amber from the Baltic, arrow straighteners from Mycenae, pins of the Germans ... From all these peoples there was nothing left that could shed light on their involvement in megalithic structures. We can only guess - which one of them? Hawkins believes that all three peoples had a "hand" in the construction of Stonehenge. The stones that make up Stonehenge are different. The main building material of monoliths is dolerite, but there is also volcanic lava (rhyolite), and volcanic tuff, and sandstone, and limestone. Three species - dolerite, rhyolite and volcanic tuff - are found in only one place - in Wales, in the Preselli mountains, near the coast of Bristol Bay. “Now there is no doubt,” writes Stonehenge researcher R. Atkinson, “that the blue stones were taken to Stonehenge from this very limited area.” The distance in a straight line is 210 kilometers - three hours by bus. But they were transported on skating rinks and on water, and this distance is 380 kilometers. Eighty stones weigh in total up to four hundred tons. Who else in ancient Europe made such an extraordinary raid?

Perhaps no one. Scientists traced the possible path of the builders and found that most of it passed through the water. Some large stones were collected along the way. The stones were carried on wooden sledges over logs. An experiment conducted by scientists helped to find out that twenty-four people are able to drag a load weighing one ton in this way at a speed of a kilometer and a half a day. On the water, the situation was simpler: several wooden canoes connected by boards could withstand huge weights and were easily controlled. And the heaviest stones are sarsens? Their deposit was discovered much closer to Stonehenge, only thirty kilometers away. The weight of the largest "gray sheep" (as these blocks were called) reaches fifty tons. It is estimated that a thousand people delivered them to the construction site in seven years. Ancient craftsmen skillfully processed the blocks even before taking them to the construction site of the complex, using the technique of impact and processing with fire and cold. After a crack was outlined on the stone, a fire was laid out on it, and then poured cold water and beaten with stone hammers. And after rough processing and delivery of the block to the place, more subtle work followed. The stones were polished very cleanly, just jewelry. However, it is impossible to evaluate the technique today, alas, - water and wind have done their job over the centuries.

Scientists had to figure out how the giants were installed. It turned out that first they dug holes, the length of which was equal to the length of the part of the stone that was supposed to be buried. The hole was ninety centimeters longer and wider than the stone. Three walls of the hole were made sheer, writes J. Hawkins, and the fourth was given a slope of 45 degrees - this was a receiving ramp. Before placing a stone, the walls of the hole were lined with thick wooden stakes. The stone slid over it without breaking the ground. Then the colossus was placed vertically with the help of ropes and ropes. Quickly, quickly - while those who held it had enough strength - they filled up the free space around, if only the stone would not collapse. Having tamped, they left it alone for several months, until the soil sags and compresses. An important detail: the lower ends of the vertical stones were beaten on a blunt cone - so that after they were lowered into the hole, the stones could be turned and set more precisely.

And how did the multi-ton beams end up at the top? They were not lifted there by helicopters. Maybe on earthen embankments? It was this method that was proposed as a hypothesis back in 1730 by one of the very first researchers of Stonehenge, S. Wallis. But the construction and dismantling of such an embankment for all thirty-five beams would require gigantic labor - more than the work spent on the entire complex. In addition, the remains of earthen mounds were not found, and this version was abandoned. But what if they acted by throwing with the help of stacks of logs? Approximately like this: a stone crossbar was laid on the ground at the foot of its future supports, and then a layer of logs was laid perpendicular to it, it was rolled onto logs, and a double layer of logs was already laid in the place where it lay before, but already parallel and perpendicular : back and forth, back and forth ... And now the stone roof is already at the very top. The last task was to transfer it to the prepared place - so that all its nests lay on the spikes of the support.

It is estimated that such a tower of longitudinal and transverse layers of wood would require fifteen cubic kilometers of logs with pre-cut grooves. And they also calculated: the construction of Stonehenge took three hundred years of work and thousands of workers, in total, one and a half million man-days of physical labor were spent. What is all this for? Why was Stonehenge built? ... On the day of the summer solstice, crowds of people come to Stonehenge to watch the sunrise over the Heel Stone. The spectacle is truly impressive. Through the lilac fog that usually swirls in the valley at this early hour, a bright beam suddenly breaks through - just above the top of the Heel Stone! Accurately fixed rays of vision, according to astronomers, forced the observer to look at strictly defined areas of the sky, set the directions where the expected phenomena occurred.

Thus, Stonehenge can be considered an ancient observatory, which was used to predict the start time of field work and, as J. Hawkins suggested, to predict eclipses. Hawkins drew attention to the fifty-six so-called "Aubrey holes" included in the ancient complex. “I noticed,” wrote Hawkins, “that these holes are located along the correct circle at an equal distance from each other. Holes about one and a half meters deep were dug in shallow soil and then filled again with crushed chalk. The priests could predict the year of the eclipse of, say, the winter moon, shifting pebbles from hole to hole in a circle, one hole a year. They also had other devices for such forecasts. …

Five of the seven wonders of the world - the Egyptian pyramids, the statue of Zeus at Olympia, the temple of Diana at Ephesus, the mausoleum at Halicarnassus and the Lighthouse of Alexandria on the island of Pharos were made of stone. But nowhere, perhaps, has stone been used so skillfully for the intellectual search of the ancients as here in South West England, on the Salisbury Plain.

The question is, how was Stonehenge built? Again, unfortunately, there is no definitive answer. It is only known that each stone block was delivered almost 350 km. According to one Spanish engineer, Harry Lavin, these blocks were delivered using special baskets that were not worn, but simply rolled on the ground.

Lavin also claims that the builders with the help of beams made the facing of stone blocks, and also braided them with elastic branches. Special cocoons were obtained, which were dragged from one place to another. Domestic animals such as horses and oxen were used to transport the blocks. The engineer decided to test his hypothesis in practice. First, he braided, and then rolled a stone block, the diameter of which was less than one meter. After that, Lavin invited several of his friends, and with their help he managed to roll a stone block, the mass of which was one ton, in the same way.

In his plans, the engineer is going to experiment with stone blocks, which will be similar to the Stonehenge block. He also wants to move them a distance of 350 km. Part of this path he is going to shorten at the expense of water. After all, it is known that a stone block braided with tree branches will definitely float. You just need to calculate everything correctly.

This is what Stonehenge looked like in 1575, according to this engraving:

And this is how the artist John Constable captured this “antiquity” in 1835, as they say, from nature:

The first restoration work in 1901, when only one stone was allegedly lifted:

This picture of workers at the site of a restoration in 1901 was accidentally leaked to the press and sparked outrage at the time, but this far-from-legendary story is rarely told in official Stonehenge guidebooks.

The pages of the Times newspaper were full of letters of complaint and demands to stop this vandalism, but the first stage of the "restoration" of the monument continued, no matter what. And some venerable journalists, such as John Ruskin, declared with pathos that "the restoration of a historical monument is a lie."

Photo taken in 1911.

But the reenactors themselves justified that they were only trying to put in place one monolith, which allegedly fell during a storm. Allegedly, we are talking about only one stone, and not about the systematic movement of almost all the stones. And yet, despite public opposition, Stonehenge's makeup, being a mystery behind seven seals, only gained momentum. And even more work was carried out in 1919-1920.

Photo from the early 20th century.

And here is a series of photos from the alleged restoration of 1958-64, when, according to the "scientists", several more stones were lifted "into place". But at the same time, for some reason, the chalk markings of the places where the stones should stand are visible in the photo. And this markup looks like there were no stones at all before:

Completely untouched virgin soil. The top layer was carefully removed exactly along the contour of the megalith installation. Digging for the foundation has begun. Is it a joke? The heaviest stones they need a foundation.

And now the turf was carefully removed and the holes for the stones were dug, and the soil from the holes next to it was in a pile:

They unload the “pebble”, but for some reason it is plastered ...

For some reason, they roll a barrel under the megaliths ...

But this “pebble”, it seems, was leveled with a trowel:

In this way, “ancient” inscriptions were made on the stones:

50 years have passed and ... both! The plaster fell off, and the concrete blocks of the “old times” appeared at the base:

The scale of the restoration undertaken in 1901-1965 became the subject of sharp criticism and even journalistic investigations at the beginning of the 21st century. However, Christopher Chippindale, Curator of the Museum of Archeology and Anthropology at the University of Cambridge, acknowledged that "nearly all the stones have been moved in one way or another and are now set in concrete."

This is one of the dark pages in the history of archeology, they prefer not to talk about it. Druids worked like this:

And what raised huge megaliths, which modern technology is not capable of lifting, looks like this:

So, 111 years have passed since the beginning of the restoration of Stonehenge. The menhir that fell from the hurricane was straightened out and put back in place, and even reinforced with concrete. This is in 1901. Six more stones in 1919 and 1920, three more stones in 1959 and four stones in 1964. In 1958, a stone altar was dug out from somewhere and the central trilithons were re-mounted.

The first reaction of individual readers, who continue to say something about the "excavation", "restoration", "replacement" of the "ancient megaliths", convinced that an explanation is still indispensable. In the photo, starting from the 1st, which is higher, you see white circles indicating the places for future "megaliths". This is a "front of work" for builders. Object markup from customer, made with lime in the holes, on a flat, untouched lawn. "Megaliths" are not pulled out like carrots, leaving not the slightest trace of this procedure.

Further, if you take a closer look at the pictures, you will find the military, and barbed wire in the vicinity, and other details that indicate that from a certain moment the future "Cyclopean building" of the ancient Druid-Atlanto-Asuro-Siriyanto-Aryans was a protected facility. You will see “representatives of customers” who are not officials, builders, workers, or local residents. Find "initiates" with some bookmarks, equipment.

Stonehenge - "space portal", "energy crystal", etc., etc. an important role was assigned to the presentation associated with the "apocalyptic", "jumps" and others; this was taken care of when bookmarking.

If you look closely at modern photos of Stonehenge (and compare them with a few old photos of manipulations that are not related to the construction business), then you can easily find streaks of red substance, ubiquitous in "cyclopean" and "megalithic" castings (hence the numerous events with fire and electricity), and it is quite easy to see the modern purpose of the building.

Stonehenge, of course, a hyped place, and therefore in the spotlight. But Avebury, which is 32 km north of Stonehenge, is less, but if a bit of history, Alexander Keiller, a millionaire and lover of antiquities, built it in 1930. He just bought this place, and after a while a prehistoric monument also appeared here.

David Batchelor, chief archaeologist of the English Heritage, says: “... ideas about the degree of restoration of the corresponding ancient monuments are changing. Some monuments have been more seriously restored. But we don't think that Stonehenge was reconstructed.. I hope now the restoration will go only in better side'cause there's nowhere else to go". But even here he twists, saying that Stonehenge has nothing to do with it, he defends his own.

English heritage is gearing up for changes to reflect the new mood. Specifically, Henderson said: There is a growing interest in how historical monuments have been restored. When we update the guide, we will try to include more material on how the restorers interact with the monument.».

Ben Bradshaw, UK Secretary of State for Culture and Sport, has announced a £10 million government investment to develop the visitor center at Stonehenge. So what the hell is the story when that kind of money is at stake!

In general, conspiracy supporters say this:

Of course, the key photo, where the company's label is highlighted in the photo premix.

In total, 72 duplicate Stonehenges are known in the world. According to the date of construction and territorial location, you can easily eliminate the excess, and check the rest with common sense.

1. For the first time in the Stonehenge area, military exercises were held in 1898.

2. From that time until the Second World War, the Ministry of Defense bought up large tracts of land in the area.
3. Currently, the Ministry of Defense owns 390 square kilometers (!) In the immediate vicinity of Stonehenge, some of which are permanently closed, access to others is very limited. (According to the map, the border of the nearest military base is one and a half kilometers from these stones to the north, and the military airstrip is 5 kilometers to the southeast).
4. In the past, a railway line and an airfield were built in the immediate vicinity of Stonehenge, both were subsequently dismantled (there are other sources that the military airfield was much closer, at a distance of only one mile from Stonehenge).
5. In 1943 the village of Imber (15 kilometers from Stonehenge) and the village of Par Hinton were evicted. The article about Imber says that to this day the village is under the control of the military.
6. 2 kilometers north of Stonehenge is the Royal Artillery School, which conducts real shooting 340 (!) Days a year.
7. 9 kilometers to the southeast, behind a military airfield, is the Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, whose work is mostly classified.
8. Another 17 kilometers west of Stonehenge is the base of the military air corps and the helicopter airport of the combat Apaches.
9. There is no agricultural activity in the Stonehenge area due to the danger of running into an unexploded shell, which has accumulated a lot over the century. Because of this, the green meadows around Stonehenge have acquired a scientific value (Site of Special Scientific Interest) as they represent the last natural lawns in England, and possibly in all of Europe.

So, summing up:
- Around Stonehenge for more than 100 years - a closed area, guarded by the military, patrolled by military aircraft and helicopters, with daily artillery fire.
- Local residents were evicted during the Second World War under the pretext of exercises; the villages were taken over by the military, a situation that persists to this day.
- Agricultural activities are prohibited in the large area of ​​the plain where Stonehenge is located.
- On the territory there was an infrastructure that allowed large-scale construction (including airfields, a railway line), which was subsequently abolished as unnecessary.

We contacted the management of this clown place of the Ibers in 2001 (the Arkaim circus from the same opera, sucked from the finger, for GDLB tourists) and clearly saw the fictitiousness of this structure, as well as the senselessness of wasting time on communication with people of conceit.

Note for yourself that "TOURISM" is a completely charming Iberian matrix of demonism. Tourism, as such, is quite successful project iverov, which THEY cover and milk gavvah and the funds of families around the world, and GDLB, instead of building Small Motherland, as a projection of the whole species of animals and plants on a separate section of the Kin's Homestead, are conducted on the magnetism of the type of "architectural" monuments built by the Iver around the world, and in reality, created man-made by the Iver quite recently. Some exhibits of museums around the world, whether it be the Hermitage, the Louvre or the London vault, are worth something. It's time for the goyim to know the truth about the Iberian reality and its perfect creatureliness, and about THEIR deeds on Earth.

In other words, everything is extremely clear. On the territory protected by the British military department, this “center of ancient civilization”, “the legacy of great ancestors”, “a monument to humanity” was consciously and purposefully erected, which became (not by itself, it’s clear) the most important cult center of no less purposefully implanted “spirituality” , Spirit of Aries.

There is no doubt that both the "heritage of mankind" and "spirituality" important attribute which this "heritage" is, and "science", which has deployed its "research" around this "heritage" on a colossal scale, has one customer.