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Types of acne

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Retinoids

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Fight against aging (anti-aging)

The structure and main functions of human skin

Human skin renewal period

Skin is a tissue: elastic, porous, durable, waterproof, antibacterial, sensitive, which can maintain heat balance, protect against the harmful effects of the external environment, secrete fat, preserve the skin, produce odorous substances and recover (regenerate), as well as absorb some necessary chemical elements and reject others, to protect our body from the adverse effects of sunlight.

The pH of human skin is 3.8-5.6.

There are approximately 5 million hairs on the surface of human skin. For every square centimeter of human skin, there are an average of 100 pores and 200 receptors.

Which layers of the skin can be affected by cosmetics?

Since cosmetic (cosmeceutical products) can penetrate deeply, can cosmetics reach the dermis?

According to the laws of most countries, a cosmetic product can only have an external effect. This means that no cosmetic additives should reach the living layers of the skin and act on them. Cosmetic preparations can and must interact only with the dead substances of the skin and under no circumstances should they reach its living layers and, moreover, affect them. That is the purpose of cosmetics.

However, in the lower part of the epidermis there is no "shutter" that prevents the penetration of substances into the depths of the dermis (into the blood and lymphatic vessels). The presence of an effective exchange between the epidermis and dermis is confirmed by experimental data. Substances that have overcome the transepidermal barrier, with a certain degree of probability, enter the bloodstream and, in accordance with this, are able to affect all tissues of the body.

What substances are able to penetrate deep into the skin, overcome the transepidermal barrier and enter the dermis?

Proven to penetrate deep into the skin: nicatin, caffeine, nitroglycerin, essential oils(they are enhancers, they are found in the bloodstream), vitamin E lingers at the junction of the epidermis and dermis, hyaluronic acid reaches the dermis 30 minutes after application, and then enters the bloodstream (source: Journal of Investigative Dermatology). Scientists from the University of Rochester Medical Center have concluded that the nanoparticles that make up sunscreens penetrate deep into the skin. Liposomes are nanoparticles that easily penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin and deliver the necessary nutrients there.

Structure of the Skin

The secret of the amazing multifunctionality of the skin lies in its structure. The skin is made up of 3 important layers:

• 1. The outer layer is the epidermis,
• 2. The inner layer is the dermis,
• 3. Subcutaneous base - hypodermis.

Each layer performs a specific function.

In different parts of the body, the thickness and color of the skin, the number of sweat, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and nerves are not the same.

It is believed that the skin is only a few millimeters thick, but if the skin constantly needs protection, then it becomes thicker, this is a defense mechanism that everyone has. Therefore, in some places the skin is thicker, in others thinner. The soles and palms have a denser epidermis and a layer of keratin.

As for hairiness, for example, there are many hair follicles on the top of the head, but none on the soles. The tips of the fingers and toes contain many nerves and are extremely sensitive to touch.

The structure and properties of human skin: Epidermis

The epidermis is the upper stratum corneum of the skin, which is formed by stratified epithelium. In the deep layers of the epidermis, the cells are alive, there they divide and gradually move to the outer surface of the skin. At the same time, the skin cells themselves die and turn into horny scales, which are peeled off and removed from its surface.

The epidermis is practically impermeable to water and solutions based on it. Fat-soluble substances penetrate the epidermis better due to the fact that cell membranes contain a large amount of fats and these substances seem to “dissolve” in cell membranes.

There are no blood vessels in the epidermis, its nutrition occurs due to the diffusion of tissue fluid from the underlying layer of the dermis. The intercellular fluid is a mixture of lymph and blood plasma flowing from the terminal loops of the capillaries and returning to the lymphatic and circulatory systems under the influence of heart contractions.

What cells make up the epidermis?

Most epidermal cells produce keratin. These cells are called keratinocytes (spiky, basal, and granular). Keratinocytes are in constant motion. Young keratinocytes are born during the division of the germ cells of the basement membrane, located at the border of the epidermis and dermis. As they grow older, the keratinocyte moves to the upper layers, first to the spiny layer, then to the granular one. At the same time, keratin, a particularly strong protein, is synthesized and accumulated in the cell.

Eventually, the keratinocyte loses its nucleus and major organelles and turns into a flat "pouch" stuffed with keratin. From that moment on, it receives a new name - "corneocyte". Corneocytes are flat scales that form the stratum corneum (obsolete cells of the epidermis) responsible for the barrier function of the epidermis.

The corneocyte continues to move up and, having reached the surface of the skin, exfoliates. A new one takes its place. Typically, the life span of a keratinocyte lasts 2-4 weeks. In childhood, the process of renewal of epidermal cells is more active, and slows down with age.

Corneocytes are held together by a plastic "cement" consisting of a double layer of special lipids - ceramides (ceramides). molecules ceramides (ceramides) and phospholipids have hydrophilic "heads" (fragments that love water) and lipophilic "tails" (fragments that prefer fats).

Melanocytes are found in the basal layer of the skin (basement membrane) and produce melanin. These are the cells that produce the pigment melanin, which gives skin its color. Thanks to melanin, the skin protects a person to a large extent from radiation: infrared rays are completely blocked by the skin, ultraviolet rays are only partially. In some cases, the formation of age spots depends on the state of the basement membrane.

There are in the epidermis and special Langerhans cells, which perform the function of protection against foreign bodies and microbes.

What is the thickness of the epidermis?

The thickness of the epidermis is approximately equal to 0.07 - 0.12 millimeters (this is the thickness of a plastic film or paper sheet), especially rough skin our body can reach a thickness of 2mm.

The thickness of the epidermis is heterogeneous: in different places skin is different. The thickest epidermis, with a pronounced keratinized layer, is located on the soles, a little thinner on the palms, and even thinner on the genitals and skin of the eyelids.

How many days does the complete renewal of the epidermis take?

Depends on the state of the epidermis appearance skin, its freshness and color. The epidermis consists of dead cells, which are replaced by new ones. Due to the constant renewal of cells, we lose about 10 billion cells a day, this is a continuous process. During a lifetime, we shed about 18 kilograms of skin with keratinized cells.

When the skin is exfoliated, it is cleansed - this is required process skin renewal, in which, along with dead cells, all substances harmful to the skin are removed: cells carry away dust, microbes, substances secreted by sweat glands (urea, acetone, bile pigments, salts, toxic substances, ammonia, etc. .d.). and much more. The skin does not allow the army of microbes to reach us: during the day, our skin is attacked by 1 cm from 100 thousand to several million of all kinds of microbes. However, if the skin is healthy, it becomes impervious to them.

The younger and healthier the skin, the more intense the process of its renewal. New cells push out old ones, old ones are washed away after we take a shower, wash, sleep, put on clothes. With age, cell renewal occurs less and less, the skin begins to age, wrinkles appear.

The epidermis is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane (it consists of elastin and collagen fibers) with a growth layer of continuously dividing cells, which gradually move from the basement membrane to the surface of the skin, where they then peel and fall off. The epidermis is completely renewed, exactly replaced by a completely new layer: a mole remains a mole, dimples remain dimples, freckles freckles, cells accurately reproduce at the genetic level how the skin should look in accordance with the individual characteristics of each individual person.

The process of cell movement from the basement membrane to peeling and falling off the skin surface at a young age is 21-28 days, and then it happens less and less. Starting at about 25 years of age, the process of skin renewal becomes slower and increases to 35-45 days by the age of 40 and 56-72 days after the age of 50. This is the reason for the use of anti-aging and regenerating drugs for a period of at least a month, and for a more mature age - at least 2-3 months.

The process of division and advancement of mature skin cells is not only slow, but also heterogeneous in different areas, which also affects the aesthetic appearance of the skin. If dead skin cells build up, the process of cell division occurs more slowly, which leads to faster aging of the skin. In addition, the layering of dead cells makes it difficult for oxygen and nutrients to penetrate the skin.

How many layers does the epidermis contain?

The epidermis consists of 12-15 layers of the stratum corneum. However, depending on the structure, the epidermis can be divided into five main zones (layers): basal, prickly, granular, shiny and horny. The upper (outer) layer of the epidermis consists of already dead cells without nuclei, the inner one consists of living cells that are still capable of dividing.

Fragments of the horny, lustrous, and granular layers that do not have the ability to divide can be attributed to dead skin structures, and, accordingly, the boundary between "living and dead" substances should be located somewhere in the spinous layer.

1. Basal layer of the epidermis (growth)

The basal layer is the innermost layer of the epidermis closest to the dermis. It consists of a prismatic single-row epithelium and a large number of slit-like spaces.

The bulk of the cells here are keratinocytes containing chromatin and melanin.

Between the basal keratinocytes are melanocytes containing great amount melanin. Melanin is formed in these cells from tyrosine in the presence of copper ions. This process is regulated by melanocyte-stimulating pituitary hormone, as well as catecholamines: adrenaline and norepinephrine; thyroxine, triiodothyronine and androgens. The synthesis of melatonin increases when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Vitamin C plays a significant role in the synthesis of melanin.

Among the cells of the basal epithelium there are few specific tactile (Merkel) cells. They are larger than keratinocytes in size, contain osmiophilic granules.

The basal layer provides attachment of the epidermis to the underlying skin and contains cambial epithelial elements.

2. Spiny layer of the epidermis (stratum spinosum)

Above the basal layer is prickly (stratum spinosum). In this layer, keratinocytes are located in several layers.

The cells of the spinous layer are large, their shape is irregular, gradually becoming flattened when approaching the granular layer. The cells of the spiny layer contain spines at the sites of intercellular contacts.

In the cytoplasm of spiny cells there are keratinosomes - granules containing lipids - ceramides. The cells of the spinous layer secrete ceramides outward, which, in turn, fill the space between the cells in the layers above. Thus, the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium becomes impermeable to various substances.

In addition, there are also desmosomes - specialized cell structures.

Keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum contain very little chromatin, so they are paler. They have one feature: in their cytoplasm there are many special thin tonofibrils.

3. Granular layer of the epidermis (stratum granulosum)

The granular (keratohyalin) layer (stratum granulosum) consists of spiny keratinocytes and process epidermocytes. It is assumed that these cells are "wandering" epidermal macrophages that perform a protective function.

In the granular layer, there are from 1-3 on the palms and 5-7 on the soles of layers of flat cells, closely adjacent to each other. Their oval nuclei are poor in chromatin. A feature of the cells of the granular layer is the peculiar grains in their cytoplasm, consisting of a substance similar in structure to DNA.

There are two main types of granules located in the cytoplasm of cells of the granular layer: keratoglanic and lamellar. The former are necessary for the formation of keratin, and the latter provide moisture impermeability of the skin by releasing special lipid molecules on its surface.

4. Shiny (eleidine, transparent) layer of the epidermis (stratum lucidum)

glitter layer(stratum lucidum) is above the granular. This layer is quite thin, and is clearly visible only in those areas where the epidermis is most pronounced - on the skin of the palms and soles.

It is not located on all areas of the skin, but only where the thickness of the epidermis is significant (palms and soles), and is completely absent on the face. Consists of 1-3 rows of flat cells, most of which do not contain nuclei.

Flat, homogeneous keratinocytes are the main cellular elements of this layer. The shiny layer is essentially a transition from living epithelial cells to keratinized scales located on the very surface of human skin.

5. The stratum corneum of the epidermis (stratum corneum)

The stratum corneum (stratum corneum) - directly in contact with external environment epidermal layer.

Its thickness varies in different parts of the skin, and very significantly. The most developed stratum corneum is on the palms and soles, much thinner on the abdomen, flexion surfaces of the arms and legs, sides, skin of the eyelids and genitals.

The stratum corneum has in its composition only thin non-nuclear cells that are tightly adjacent to each other. Horny scales consist of keratin - a substance of an albuminoid nature, containing sulfur in excess, but little water. The scales of the stratum corneum are tightly connected to each other and provide a mechanical barrier to microorganisms.

The structure and properties of human skin: Dermis

The dermis is the inner layer of the skin, the thickness of which is from 0.5 to 5 mm, the largest on the back, shoulders, and hips.

In the dermis there are hair follicles (from which hair grows), as well as a huge number of the thinnest blood and lymphatic vessels that provide skin nutrition, contraction and relaxation of blood vessels allows the skin to retain heat (thermoregulatory function). The dermis contains pain and sensory receptors and nerves (which branch into all layers of the skin and are responsible for its sensitivity).

The dermis also contains functional glands of the skin, through which excess water and salts are removed (excretory function): sweat glands (produce sweat) and sebaceous glands (produce sebum). The sebaceous glands produce the necessary amount of sebum, which protects the skin from aggressive external influences: it makes the skin waterproof, bactericidal (sebum, together with sweat, creates an acidic environment on the skin surface, which adversely affects microorganisms). Sweat glands help maintain a constant body temperature, preventing overheating by cooling the skin through sweat.

How many layers does the dermis contain?

The dermis includes two layers: the reticular and papillary layers.

The reticular layer consists of loose connective tissue. This tissue includes an extracellular matrix (we will talk about it in more detail below) and cellular elements.

The papillary layer protrudes into the epidermis and forms the skin papillae. These papillae create a special unique "pattern" of our skin and are especially visible on the balls of our fingers and the soles of our feet. It is the papillary layer that is responsible for "fingerprints"!

The basis of the cells in the dermis is fibroblast, which synthesizes extracellular matrix, including collagen, hyaluronic acid and elastin.

What is the extracellular matrix and what does it consist of?

The composition of the extracellular matrix includes two main components: the fibrillar part and the matrix.

fibrillar part- these are collagen, elastin, and reticulin fibers that create the skin frame. Collagen fibers are intertwined with each other, thus creating an elastic network. This network is located almost on the surface of the skin under the epidermis and makes up the skeleton, which gives the skin strength and elasticity.

In the face area, collagen fibers create a special dense network. The collagen fibers in it are so strictly stacked and ordered that they form lines of the least stretch. They are known as the Langer lines. They are known to cosmetologists and masseurs: they massage the face along the Langer lines and apply any cosmetical tools. This is done in order not to load the skin, not to stretch it, thus provoking the formation of wrinkles.

In youth, the framework of collagen fibers is strong and able to ensure the mobility and flexibility of the skin, maintaining its elasticity and shape. Unfortunately, our female age is short ...

I really liked the comparison of the skin with the Soviet bed, which is based on a metal mesh. The iron springs of the new bed quickly return to their original position, but from the load, the springs of the frame begin to sag and soon our bed loses its shape. Our skin also works - young springs (collagen fibers) keep their shape perfectly, but with age they sag and become flabby. Whatever great mattress we put on the surface, it will not solve our problem.

Matrix (matrix or amorphous component) its structure resembles a gel and consists of polysaccharides. The more famous polysaccharides are chitosan, seaweed polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid.

It is the components of the extracellular matrix, both amorphous and fibrillar, that create the skin from the inside. By themselves, saccharides do not form fibers, but they fill all the gaps between connecting cells and fibers. It is through them that the interstitial transport of all substances occurs.

As a result, it is the state of the dermis (water content in the polysaccharide gel, the integrity of collagen fibers, etc.) that determines the state of the epidermis and the healthy appearance of the skin.

The structure and properties of human skin: Hypodermis (subcutaneous fatty tissue)

The hypodermis is the subcutaneous base (fat layer) that protects our body from excess heat and cold (allows us to retain heat inside us), acting as a thermal insulator, and softens the fall from impacts.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue - a storehouse of vitamins

Fat cells also represent a depot in which fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, F, K) can be stored.

Less fat - more wrinkles

Subcutaneous adipose tissue is very important as a mechanical support for the outer layers of the skin. The skin, in which this layer is weakly expressed, usually has more wrinkles and folds, and "ages" faster.

The more fat, the more estrogen

An important function of adipose tissue is hormone-producing. Adipose tissue is able to accumulate estrogens in itself and can even stimulate their synthesis (production). Thus, you can get into a vicious circle: the more subcutaneous fat we have, the more estrogen is produced. This is especially dangerous for men, since estrogenic hormones suppress their production of androgens, which can lead to the development of hypogonadism. This leads to a deterioration in the work of the gonads and leads to a decrease in the production of male sex hormones.

It is very important for us to know that adipose tissue cells contain a special enzyme - aromatase. It is with its help that the process of estrogen synthesis by adipose tissue is carried out. Guess where is the most active aromatase? That's right, in fatty tissue on the hips and buttocks!

What is responsible for our appetite and satiety?

Our adipose tissue contains another very interesting substance - leptin. Leptin is a unique hormone that is responsible for the feeling of satiety. Leptin allows our body to regulate appetite and through it the amount of fat in the subcutaneous tissue.

How to rejuvenate the skin of the face and make it soft and beautiful? Microdermabrasion is a modern way of rejuvenating the skin of the face, refreshing and lifting the skin by grinding. The procedure consists in removing the upper layer of the epidermis with a jet of aluminum oxide microcrystals. Microdermabrasion makes it possible to remove the “old” in absolutely any place - on the face, chest, neck, arms, in the décolleté area, so that a renewed, young one can grow at the place of removal.

Usually, such a facial skin rejuvenation procedure is painless, and its final result is noticeable even to the naked eye - the structure of the skin itself and its color change. Moreover, this is a fairly effective way of cleansing. Initially, this method was not in great demand due to its high cost. However, times are changing, and stereotypes and technologies are changing with them, and now many women and girls resort to the microdermabrasion procedure. This procedure allows and beautiful.

Microdermabrasion can give a very remarkable result to make the skin of the face young and beautiful. Durable and high quality. Because in cleansed skin, the growth of new young cells is usually enhanced and literally after two or three sessions it will be completely renewed. This modern method is not only excellent for removing blackheads, accelerating the process of cell regeneration, but it has a wonderful effect on the top layer of the skin, while visually smoothing out irregularities. The skin seems to be polished, acquires an unprecedented silkiness.

In microdermabrasion, aluminum oxide is used, since this drug, firstly, is non-toxic, and secondly, it does not cause any allergic reactions, does not leave any wounds or scratches on the skin, does not emit excess heat when interacting with the skin, and Qualitatively able to exfoliate dead cells. Microdermabrasion is especially useful for those who want to finally get rid of scars, wounds and stitches, acne scars of various shapes and depths. And also for those who want to get rid of tattoos, freckles, age spots, burn scars, wen, tighten the oval of the face and smooth out any age wrinkles.

However, she, unfortunately, has contraindications to the use. It is forbidden to carry out with individual intolerance to the abrasive substance, different inflammatory processes. This procedure is contraindicated in people with an active herpes virus.

A chemical facial peel is a procedure that removes the surface layer of the skin using mild acid solutions to achieve a rejuvenated effect. It is thanks to acids that high-quality exfoliation of dead skin cells is ensured.

It can not only promote facial skin rejuvenation, but also stimulate the synthesis of substances that lead to the growth of new cells. Currently, the procedure of chemical peeling of the face is a popular and not very expensive cosmetic procedure.

Procedures

Let's look at the varieties of such a procedure as facial peeling, skin renewal ..

Retinol or yellow facial peel. It is called yellow facial peeling due to the fact that it is based on an extract from the urukum plant, which, in fact, gives it such a color. yellow peeling- the most gentle procedure, it can be done even on young skin. Indications for this procedure: pigmentation, photoaging, fine and deep wrinkles.

Surface peeling of the face is the most gentle. It is recommended to do it for women from 25 to 35 years old, since it is at this age that a change in the relief and color of the skin is observed, fine wrinkles appear. Such peeling is used for oily seborrhea, age spots and acne.

Fruit peeling of the facial skin is a kind of previous peeling with fruit acids (glycolic, lactic, tartaric or malic). Such peeling is usually prescribed for oily skin and the presence of acne. During a series of such procedures and for a month after them, it is not recommended to sunbathe.

Superficial-median peeling for the face is considered the most effective, safe and simple. Before the implementation of this procedure, the skin does not need special preparation. This type of peeling successfully fights age spots, photoaging, and scars after chickenpox or acne.

Gluconic facial peeling helps to restore the optimal level of skin hydration, moisturize all its layers with the help of conic acid. Gluconic acid, together with citric and lactic acids, has a moisturizing and softening property, and thanks to the introduction of green tea polyphenols, vitamin C and panthenol into the recipe, the appearance of possible inflammation is minimized.

Deep chemical peeling of the face is able to influence the deepest layers to correct scars, hyperpigmentation, wrinkles. This is a very serious and painful procedure that should be performed only by a qualified master, and therefore it should be carried out only in a hospital.

Salicylic - deep peeling with the use of salicylic acid, which has a strong antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effect. This type of peeling is used for severely pubescent seborrhea, acne of two degrees of severity, as well as for deep age-related changes in the skin.

laser resurfacing

So what is laser skin resurfacing? To date, new generation lasers have been created that allow painless skin microresurfacing. With this, in just a week, you can get a new face. The price of photothermolysis is too high, but it is with the help of this procedure that it is possible not only to effectively remove wrinkles, renew the skin from the outside and deep inside, but also eliminate various other signs of aging.

A feature of this procedure is the removal of the upper layer of the epidermis, which occurs in a non-contact way. Laser resurfacing is practically sterile and any complications are excluded here. Such a procedure can save patients from deep scars, scars and stitches, it is ideal for rejuvenation. Laser resurfacing of the skin of the face is quite successfully used to remove the mistakes of youth - tattoos on the body and tattooing of the lips, eyes, eyebrows.

In addition, photothermolysis completely and without visible scars can remove moles, pits from vaccinations and scars after chickenpox. During laser resurfacing, the beam, as a rule, acts on the upper layers of the skin to a very shallow depth in such a way that it leads to the instant evaporation of fluid from the tissue. Moreover, the heat does not yet have time to seep into the deeper layers, which, of course, excludes the occurrence of burns.

Photothermolysis - perfect way which allows you to renew the skin. After doing it for a couple of days, you can get rid of wrinkles and various aesthetic defects. And the ability to stimulate collagen with short high-energy pulses only enhances and prolongs the rejuvenating effect. After such a procedure, your skin becomes pink and tender, like a child's. It is possible to carry out laser microresurfacing of the body and face at almost any age, since it has no contraindications and makes it possible to eliminate any skin imperfections without cosmetic intervention. That's basically all the recommendations on how to rejuvenate the skin of the face, try these methods for yourself! Good luck to you!

But you can force existing skin to renew itself. How? For this, a variety of peels are provided that start the process of skin regeneration.

First, a little theory: the word "peeling" comes from the English peel - "to peel." The upper layer of the epidermis consists of dead cells, and with the help of peeling procedures, a significant part of these particles are removed.

There is a huge variety of peels. The most common of them are mechanical, vacuum, chemical and laser.

Let's erase everything superfluous

The most - mechanically "scrape" them. To do this, a huge variety of scrubs is sold in pharmacies and perfume shops. They act simply: abrasive substances (small hard particles) slightly scratch the skin, removing dead particles.

Such peeling preparations are suitable for home use. For owners oily skin It is recommended to carry out scrub procedures once a week. Ladies with dry thin skin should refrain from frequent abrasive cleansing - it can cause skin irritation.

The only serious contraindication for cleansing with a scrub is pustules on the skin. With the help of the procedure, you can spread the infection over the skin of the face, and the rash will increase significantly.

chemical attack

Chemical peeling is an effect on the skin with fruit acids. From the course of chemistry, we remember that acid molecules are very small, so they can penetrate deep under the skin. Not only do fruit acids "burn" the topmost layer of the skin, they penetrate inside and "pull", slightly injure its deeper layers. Agitated fibroblast cells begin to synthesize more intensively collagen and elastin - the "framework" of our skin.

Proper peeling

If we consider not the cellular level, but personal impressions, then in chemical peeling the main thing - the hands of the master. You need to find a person who will not burn your skin, will select the current concentration of acids, will not overdo the serum, will be able to develop and implement a rehabilitation program after peeling, and will recommend adequate care. In general, it will treat your skin with maximum attention and provide strictly individual approach. How to find such a person? Only by asking girlfriends, colleagues, wives of friends and other ladies who were subjected to execution.

An indicator of a successful treatment is fresh, rejuvenated skin. With the right approach, even the very structure of oily skin can change: the pores are reduced, the skin is leveled and the oily sheen disappears. Incorrect peeling leads to prolonged peeling. If after a “good” procedure the peeling stops after 2-3 days, then after a “bad” procedure it can peel off and suffer for months.

Facial vacuum cleaner

No matter how rude it may sound, we have to admit: the procedure under the laconic name "vacuum peeling" or "vacuum cleaning" is very similar to the action of a vacuum cleaner. The "suction" device cleanses the skin, eliminating dead skin particles, dirt and comedones. Compared with mechanical cleaning this method is less painful. But you can't call it particularly pleasant either.

Its main plus is in the massage effect. With the help of vacuum peeling, lymphatic drainage is carried out - and after several procedures, you can notice that the face becomes less loose and more prominent. As for the quality of cleansing, vacuum peeling is quite superficial. Dead scales will go away, deep comedones (if any) will remain.

Laser technologies

In a fairy tale, as you know, the further - the worse! Just think: a laser, unlike chemical exposure, does not burn the upper layers of the skin, but evaporates them. But the essence of the impact remains the same as in the case of chemistry: the skin is renewed, deep regeneration processes are launched.

Laser resurfacing is one of the most powerful effects, and it is recommended in "neglected" cases. The laser helps well with post-acne scars, fine wrinkles disappear, dark spots. Young girls are unlikely to feel the result of laser peeling - this is an age-related tool, "heavy artillery".

If you decide on laser peeling, in a conversation with a cosmetologist, specify such an indicator as the depth of fractional coagulation. If it is small (up to 1 mm), then it will not be possible to solve the problem of deep wrinkles and scars - this procedure is not particularly suitable for general rejuvenation. The higher the score, the more intense the impact.

Health

1. Skin - largest organ in the human body

2. If you stretch the skin of an average person, it will cover an area of ​​2 square meters

3. Skin is about 15 percent of your body weight.

4. There are two types of skin: hairy and hairless

5. Your skin has three layers:

Epidermis - water repellent and dead layer

Dermis - hair and sweat glands

Subcutaneous fat - fat and large blood vessels

6. Every inch of your skin has a certain elasticity and strength, depending on the location. So the skin on the knuckles is different from the skin on the stomach.

7. Scar tissue lacks hair and sweat glands

8. The most thin skin on your eyelids - about 0.2 mm

9. The thickest skin on your feet - about 1.4 mm

© Science Photo Library

10. In humans an average of 100,000 head hairs. In people with blonde hair about 140,000 hairs, dark-haired - 110,000, and red-haired about 90,000.

11. Each hair has a small muscle that lifts the hair in cold and various emotional states.

12. Body hair grow 2 to 6 years

13. We lose 20 to 100 hairs per day

© Kwangmoozaa/Getty Images Pro

14. Keratin forms the outer dead layer of the skin and nails.

15. More 50 percent of the dust in the house is made up of dead skin

16. Every 28 days your skin is renewed.

17. Lipids are natural fats that keep the outer layer of skin hydrated and healthy. Detergents and alcohol destroy lipids.

18. Skin sheds over 30,000 dead cells every minute.

19. As we age, we begin to shed less skin. In children, old cells are shed faster. This is why babies have such a pink fresh complexion

© Science Photo Library

20. The skin produces about 500 ml of sweat per day.

21. Sweat itself is odorless, and it is thanks to bacteria that body odor is produced.

22. Your skin is a microcosm in which more than 1000 species of bacteria live and about 1 billion individual bacteria.

23. Glands that produce earwax These are special sweat glands.

24. On average, you live between your toes about 14 types of fungus.

© Science Photo Library

Melanin pigment and human skin color

25. Skin color is the result of a protein called melanin. Huge skin cells in the form of tentacles - melanocytes, produce and distribute the pigment melanin.

26. People have the same number of melanin cells. Different colour skin is the result of their activity, not quantity.

27. Human skin varies greatly in different parts of the world. According to the well-known classification - the Lushan scale, there is 36 basic types of human skin color.

28. 1 in 110,000 people is albino that is, it does not have melanin cells.

29. Melanin is also responsible for eye color, and itself the skin covering the eye is transparent and very sensitive.

30. Permanent skin color in a child is formed within about 6 months.

© Christian Negroni

Acne and skin treatment

31. The cause of acne or pimples is the overproduction of cells that line the sweat glands.

32. Even babies suffer from acne. Some newborns develop acne in the first few weeks of life. The cause of acne in newborns is not fully known, but it does not require treatment and goes away on its own.

33. About 80 percent or 4 out of 5 teenagers experience acne.

34. But this is not only a problem of adolescence. One in 20 women and one in 100 men suffers from acne in adulthood

35. The appearance of a boil is associated with a staphylococcal bacterium. It penetrates into tiny cuts in the skin, getting into the hair follicles.

© Povozniuk/Getty Images

Appearance of human skin

36. Type and texture of the skin talking about your health. With illness, the skin turns pale, and with fatigue, bags under the eyes appear.

37. Smoking negatively affects the condition of the skin, depriving it of oxygen and nutrients, slowing down blood flow, and also contributing to the appearance of wrinkles.

38. Skin heals very quickly. Since the top layer of the skin is a living tissue, the body begins to heal the wound immediately. Blood from a cut forms a scab and seals the wound.

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39. Most moles are genetically predetermined even before we were born.

40. People who have more moles on their bodies live longer and look younger those who have fewer moles.

41. Almost every person has at least one mole.

42. Moles can appear anywhere including genitals, scalp and tongue.

43. Freckles most often appear in people with fair skin color.

44. Freckles fade in winter since melanin is not produced in in large numbers during the winter months.

45. Freckles can be red, yellow, light brown and dark brown.

46. ​​Unlike moles, freckles do not appear at birth, they appear after a person has been exposed to sunlight.

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47. Vitamin A heals skin from sun damage and cellulite

48. Vitamin D- reduces rashes and neoplasms

49. Vitamin C– antioxidant, restores vitamin E and protects from the sun

50. Vitamin E- Antioxidant, protects against sun damage and aging.