Show the national costumes of all peoples. National dress of Argentina: Gaucho
The national costume for any nation is the embodiment of all its features, culture and traditions. Each nation boasts special clothing that keeps a piece of the past and allows you to preserve the national identity. About such costumes today and will be discussed.
purpose
traditional clothing is not only a way to protect yourself from the cold, but also an opportunity to show your belonging to a particular culture. National clothes Previously, it was very clearly divided into everyday and festive. In addition, according to certain details of the national costume, it was possible to judge which class a person belongs to.
Features of folk costumes of the world
Kyrgyz
First of all, it is worth noting that Kyrgyz clothing was initially distinguished by its convenience. These people are accustomed to nomadic life and horseback riding. Therefore, their outfits were maximally adapted for constant horseback riding.
The traditional Kyrgyz costume was created from animal skins and coarse woolen fabric. From such durable materials, simple long raincoats were sewn. Their floors were plowed up if necessary, and the belt was tied with a leather belt. National Kyrgyz clothes are wide and comfortable, with a minimum amount of decor.
Kalmyk
The national clothes of the Kalmyks are warm, and the outfits are multi-layered. Lungs lower garments- shirt and trousers - were made from fine cotton, cloth or nanke, depending on the well-being of the family. Outerwear was denser, made of skins or felt. It was decorated with furs, and rich people also used sewn-on stripes as decoration.
Georgia costume
The national costume of Georgia, among other traditional costumes, is distinguished by an abundance of decor. The outfits for Georgian women consisted of a kartuli (a long fitted dress) and a belt, which was necessarily decorated with embroidery or pearls.
For men, trousers and a shirt, complemented by a Circassian, were typical clothes. In this outfit, the man's figure seemed more slender and toned due to the narrow waist, emphasized by the belt and wide shoulders.
Serbian
National Serbian clothing is simple. The main material for tailoring traditional dresses has always been a thin linen. Linen clothes were sewn for adults and children. They wore it at any time of the year. True, in winter, outfits were complemented by a woolen skirt and a warm jacket. As outerwear used fur sleeveless jackets or thick leather capes.
Adyghe
A characteristic feature of the Adyghe costumes are loose capes, reminiscent of dressing gowns with wide floors. These capes were fastened with silver buttons. They complemented the image with comfortable harem pants that tucked into the legs.
From above, the Adygs threw a felt cloak over their shoulders. She wore it so right hand remained free all the time. It was convenient, first of all, for male warriors, as well as chain mail, which they put on under a cloak.
Another characteristic feature of the Adyghe folk costume- high felt hat. Men wore it, while women tried to pick up a more elegant headdress, for example, a pointed hat decorated with a cone. They also, if possible, richly decorated their outfit with rings, earrings, bracelets and other decorative elements.
Finnish
The traditional Finnish costume stands out for its cool colors, simple ethnic patterns and special elegance. Women's national attire is a combination of a long skirt decorated with an apron, a sleeveless bodice worn over a blouse, a jacket and shoes with socks. Young girls could do without headdresses, but married women were supposed to put on a neat lace cap when going out.
English
Unlike the Scots and Irish, the inhabitants Foggy Albion do not have characteristic clothing that could be called a national costume. But there are certain things that are typical representatives of certain professions, characteristic only for England. For example, the guards of the famous Tower wear scarlet camisoles embroidered with gold. As a headdress, a high checker, decorated with black fur, is used.
Ingush
Among the national Ingush costumes, it is worth highlighting the festive dresses for girls. They were sewn from expensive plain fabrics and, if possible, decorated with lace, pearls and gold or silver embroidery. Another characteristic feature is the “kurkhas”, an ancient headdress that complemented traditional elegant costumes.
Tajik
Folk Tajik costume is ideal for the inhabitants of the highlands. Its characteristic features are loose shirts, harem pants and a warm dressing gown, complemented by a waist scarf. Tajiks traditionally used skullcaps as a headdress.
Women's outfits also consisted of an elongated shirt and a warm top. Talented needlewomen additionally decorated their shirts with original embroidery.
Gypsy
Since the gypsies are from India, their outfits clearly resemble the colorful Indian outfits. The gypsy people are nomads, so each group stopping in the territory of a particular country absorbed the characteristic features of their national costume into their outfit.
But all gypsy outfits had certain features in common. So, among the gypsy people there is a taboo system called "pekalimos". It means open top and closed bottom. The fact is that according to the beliefs of the gypsies, the lower part of the female body is unclean, so it must be hidden with a long skirt. As for the top, it may well be open and complemented by a deep neckline.
Girls always wore an apron over a long colorful skirt. It was believed that it is an additional shield that protects the body of a woman from other people's eyes and touches.
Khakassian
Khakass costumes are also quite original. Men wore a shirt and tight plain trousers, women - the most closed dress. Women's attire was supposed to hide the entire body from prying eyes, except for the hands and neck.
Festive national costumes deserve special attention. They were made of expensive materials: silk, black velvet and fur. Such costumes were given uniqueness by the ornament. Most often, elegant floral patterns were embroidered on the surface of the dresses.
Kazakov
The Cossacks were warriors and riders. Therefore, their clothes were intended for riding. Loose harem pants did not hinder movement and allowed free movement on a horse. The top, on the contrary, was the most tight-fitting. A short overcoat protected from the cold, but did not interfere with either the jump or participation in foot combat. For greater convenience, it was additionally tied with a belt or a wide sash.
Spanish
One of the most spectacular national costumes is Spanish. Dresses for women in Spain were characterized by openness and underlined sexuality. Woman suit consisted of a wide skirt of bright color, a corset and a blouse with an open neckline, and sometimes with bare arms.
The most characteristic element of the attire is a colorful multi-layered skirt, which was worn as in Everyday life as well as for the holidays. The most spectacular headdress was and is the mantilla. Now this lace cape, worn over a high crest, is sometimes used to create wedding images in folk style.
Buryat
It is impossible to ignore the national costume of Buryatia. Buryat outfits are diverse: for each age and class there were their own special details of the costume. So, girls up to 14 years old wore terligi - long-skirted cloth robes, complemented by a wide sash. The older girls dressed up in more Short dress, complemented by a colorful decorative belt.
For married women dresses with lush puffs and fur trim were characteristic. Rich ladies preferred outfits made of more expensive fabrics - cloth or shiny satin. They were decorated with the fur of rare animals.
Thailand costume
The costumes of the people of Thailand are lighter and brighter. This is due to the characteristics of the country in which they live. Another characteristic feature of the outfits of this sunny country is the abundance of jewelry. Girls from the age of five wear rings on their necks and wrists, the number of which increases over time. This, according to their beliefs, is the standard of beauty.
Scottish
Scottish folk costumes are known around the world for such a characteristic feature as a kilt. This piece of clothing, reminiscent of a simple skirt, is part of the outfit for men and women.
The kilt is made from tartan. This is a thick woolen fabric with a characteristic checkered print. It is also worth noting that each clan and region had its own pattern, which differed in cell size and color combination. The top of the national costume of Scotland is plain, complemented by a black vest.
If you want to get acquainted with the culture and life of a certain people, then you should start by analyzing their national costume. Here, every detail is full of symbolism - color reflects the emotions of people, prints - the nature and life that surround them, accessories - show a vision of beauty. So, which outfits are the most interesting? Let's start!
1. India. Traditional attire indian women is a sari. On the face of it, it resembles long dress with a sleeve that goes down to one arm, but when unfolded it is just a rectangular piece of fabric, the length of which is 5-10 meters. For decor, embroidery of sequins and gold threads is used. Sarees are worn with a special blouse called a choli.
2. Korea. Korean women wear hanbok costumes, which consist of light jacket(chogori) and a long skirt (chima) which can be quilted, single layer and double layer. An obligatory element of a hanbok is a ribbon collar attached to the bottom of the jacket. Silk shoes with embroidered floral patterns complete the look.
3. Japan. Women in Japan have long worn long robes with wide sleeves, which in everyday life are called "kimono". To emphasize the figure, a wide obi belt is used, which is wrapped several times around the waist. By the way, the traditional kimono consists of 12 parts and in order to dress it you have to resort to the help of other people.
4. Indonesia. The classic Indonesian costume consists of women's shirts(baji), which is worn over a special skirt with pleats in front (kain or sarung). Cain is sewn from ordinary cotton fabric, embroidered with silk threads.
5. Norway. Traditional Norwegian peasant costumes are called "bunad". The design of the costume is quite complex, complemented by a variety of pewter decorations and embroideries. The women's bunad consists of an embroidered skirt, shirt, vest and stockings. Depending on the region of residence, the pattern and color of the embroidery changes.
6. Kazakhstan. The outfit of Kazakh women consisted of the following components: upper shoulder clothing (reminiscent of a camisole or robe) and wide pants. The 18th century was dominated by red and blue colors, but over time, dresses began to be sewn from fabrics of other shades. An indispensable attribute was a special bib that covered the girl's naked body. It was embroidered with ribbons and beads.
7. Peru. The most common outfit is considered to be a poncho, decorated with a geometric pattern and a wide flared skirt that reaches mid-calf. As a headdress, a "fitter" is used - a hat that is attached to the back of the head with an elastic bandage.
8. Tajikistan. Differs in bright colors and an abundance of interesting patterns. Women wore dresses of a tunic cut, in the countryside - made of smooth fabric, in mountainous areas - embroidered with silk. Under the dress were worn wide harem pants with a slouch at the ankle. The head was covered with a skullcap or scarf.
9. Ukraine. The most memorable feature of the Ukrainian folk costume is the embroidery that adorns the shirt, waistcoat, skirt hem and belt. By the pattern of the shirt, you can even determine where it comes from (each region has a certain combination of colors) and what was washed away in the pattern. Coral beads, wreaths were used as accessories to the Ukrainian dress. self made. Currently, Ukrainian vyshyvanka is very popular among people of all ages and is worn even to work.
Cloth. Decorations
The Indians made traditional clothes from the skins of bison, deer, antelopes or mountain sheep. However, from the beginning of the 19th century, clothing made from fabrics produced by a white man was increasingly used. Finished products gained popularity - vests, shirts, uniforms, hats, scarves, shawls. Nevertheless, all this was inferior in strength and warmth to buffalo skins, and most Indians dressed in them in winter to protect themselves from frost. In the summer, the skins lay treated with grease and earth from pests, and the Indian walked proudly in a cotton shirt, a woolen blanket and cloth leggings. But the Indians still preferred traditional moccasins to any footwear. Traditional leather clothing was also used in religious ceremonies, hunting and war. It was peculiarly arranged and decorated with beads, porcupine quills, feathers and was valued more highly than any European goods. However, the men's loincloth made of red or dark blue cloth, as well as woolen blankets, became an integral part of the Indian costume.
The principle of making clothes
1. Cutting and general view of a military shirt:
A) beaded or a porcupine-quilled strip of buckskin.
b) scalp strand.
2. Cut leather leggings
3. General view of leather and wool leggings
4. Pattern and general view of moccasins with a solid, separately sewn-on sole:
a) cloth lining; b) the shape of the tongues.
5. Ornaments on moccasins:
a - Sioux; b - Assiniboins; c - Crow; g - Comanche; e - Blackfoot; e - Cheyenne.
Men's clothing included a shirt, leggings - two separate legs that were attached to the belt like stockings. A loincloth was attached to the same belt - a long narrow piece of fabric that passed between the legs and, passed under the belt, hung freely in front and behind.
Moccasins were of two types: an ancient version, sewn from one piece of leather, and a more perfect one with a separately sewn sole made of strong and thick leather.
In cold weather, equipment was supplemented with a cape made of bison skin or a woolen blanket; a kind of long overcoat with a hood sewn from a blanket - the so-called hood - could also be used. In severe cold, they put on mittens and primitive cut fur hats.
How richly the clothes of a warrior were decorated depended on his military merits. The main decoration was embroidery from porcupine quills or later from beads. She was sewn on a shirt - on sleeves, shoulders - and on leggings. In the old days, a shirt was often decorated on the chest and on the back with a large circular ornament. Patterns usually contained a magical meaning - the shirt acquired protective properties, protecting its owner. And without any mysticism, wide beaded stripes played the role of a shell. The beads that the Indians bought or bartered from white merchants were glass beads, sometimes quite large (the so-called "horse beads"). They could well protect against the sliding blow of a knife or arrow.
All traditional shirts were trimmed with fringes - either from long strips of leather, or from ermine skins, or from scalps. Fringes of scalps were worn only by outstanding warriors. Human hair often alternated with horse hair. The latter symbolized the captured horses, and if they were painted red, they denoted the horses killed in battle, which belonged to the owner of the shirt.
Often the shirt was covered with drawings and signs reflecting glorious military deeds. For example, transverse stripes on the sleeves showed the number of ku, horseshoes - the number of captured horses, pipes - how many times an Indian was the leader of a military detachment, etc. Sometimes the shirt was painted in two colors - the top was blue-green, symbolizing the sky and the world, the bottom - in red-brown, corresponding to the earth and war.
Leggings largely repeated the trim of the shirt, also had magic power and reflected the track record of the owner.
Need to say, indian clothes, including the military, depended on fashion. The cut and shape, embroidery and painting changed. Perhaps, each tribe had a peculiar and characteristic technology for making clothes and its own style of embroidery. A man with a trained eye unmistakably determined by the clothes from which tribe an Indian came. For example, in moccasins, even the sole had a certain shape, and from its imprint an experienced scout could again find out which Indian of which tribe left traces. And even more so, the ornament and decoration of moccasins, despite the many variations, said everything about their owner.
Chief of the Canadian Assiniboins (Stony) in ceremonial clothes 1870–1900
Beadwork
I. Techniques and styles of embroidery:
a) Lazy stitch;
b) Crow stitch;
c) Stitch in place.
d) General view of lazy stitch embroidery
This technique was used by the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Comanche, Pawnee, Ponca, Omaha, Kiowa Apache, Arikara, Hidatsa, Mandan, Shoshone.
e) General view of the embroidery stitch "Crow"
(Crow, Blackfoot, Sarsi, Cree, Bungie, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, Utah, Shoshone, Jicarilla, plateau tribes).
f) General view of stitch embroidery in place
This technique was used in the embroidery of the so-called "vegetative ornaments". The floral ornament is typical mainly for the tribes of "farmers" of the central and southern plains (Ponca, Omaha, Kanza, Caddo, Osage, etc.) and for the nomads of the northern plains (Sarsi, Cree, Blackfoot, Bangi, Stoney), although such ornaments were used by all tribes, perhaps with the exception of the Cheyenne and Arapaho.
II. Meaning of Beaded Symbolism:
1, 2. Man.
3. Head.
4. Eye.5. Heart.
A buffalo cape or simply dressed bison skin often served not only as clothing, but also as a sort of record book for a warrior. It depicted the military merits of the owner - geometric figures or pictographic pictures, a kind of dancing men, the main of which - the owner of the cape - brutally cracks down on his enemies.
Particularly noteworthy are the shell decorations made from the so-called ha-pipe - “hair tubes”. They were so named because they were originally used as decorations for hairstyles. They appeared among the Plains Indians by the 1800s. Jewelry was made in New Jersey and got to the Indians from white merchants. At first they were pipes made of concha shells, later made of copper or silver. But metal was not popular. From the second half of the 19th century, bone pipes spread - from that time on, you can count the era of the head-pipe, which continues to this day. A neck decoration made of several rows of bone tubes became, as it were, a symbol of belonging to an Indian nation. In addition to the necklace, the head-pipe was used as pendants for earrings, beads and even large chest ornaments, which also served as a shell, for this the tubes were connected in several rows and covered the warrior's chest and stomach. And sometimes such a shell reached the knees. The most popular ha-pipe was used by the Indians of the southern and central plains - Kiowa, Comanches, Kiowa Apaches, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Oglala Sioux.
Among the same tribes, rather massive cupronickel breast decorations were common - large crosses or various pectorals. They were decorated with engraving and metal pendants. Such plates, again, could protect against a knife, arrow, and even a bullet.
Cross and pekshoral from cupronickel
All Indians loved medals. They wore them on their chests on silk ribbons, sometimes in several pieces. Medals fell to the Indians: from the east - American, from the northeast - English, from the southwest - Spanish, from the northwest - Russians. All white colonialists at the conclusion of treaties necessarily handed over medals to the Indians "as a sign of peace and friendship." The medal was the pride of a leader or warrior, and at any more or less opportunity, he put it on as a sign of recognition of his merits and significance, and simply as a beautiful thing.
Exotic dentalium and kauri shells, which were used for embroidering clothes, for making necklaces and earrings, were very popular among the steppe Indians. From traditional materials, large river shells, milk teeth of an elk, and bear claws were used.
Women's clothing consisted of a long dress made of leather or fabric, moccasins and leggings, which were shorter than men's and fastened above the knee. Often, moccasins and leggings were one piece, and rather resembled Wellingtons. The dress was decorated with embroidery from porcupine quills or beads. Coins, thimbles, bells, cowrie shells and dentalium, elk teeth were also used to decorate it. The daughter of a rich Indian sometimes had a dress entirely embroidered with beads.
The clothes of a female warrior in general did not differ from ordinary women's clothes, except that on solemn occasions a man's headdress made of feathers or a medal was worn. However, there is a known case when a warrior girl wore men's clothing during a military campaign.
- a country that has everything. You can travel endlessly along it, admiring the incredibly beautiful nature, admiring the monumental buildings of our time and unique historical monuments. All advanced technologies originate here, New York and Hollywood are located here. The United States of America is a real state of the XXI century, which leads the whole world.
As for recreation, it is truly diverse here. First-class beaches, great ski resorts, major cultural centers, casinos and entertainment, untouched nature and bustling cities that never sleep - you are sure to find this and much more when you travel to the USA.
TransportNeedless to say, transport in America is well developed. The most popular means of transportation between cities is airplane. Domestic flights fly very often, and even provincial towns with a small population have their own airport, from which several flights depart daily for large metropolitan areas.
Works in many cities metro. The largest networks are presented in New York and Washington, where you can get underground transport even outside the city.
And yet more important is bus service. The largest carrier company - Greyhound - with its routes covers not only major cities in the United States, but also many important centers of Canada.
Railway transport in the States it is not in great demand, especially considering the fact that tickets are expensive. Their price is comparable to the price of air transport.
And yet the most popular vehicle in the United States are private cars. It will be quite profitable to rent a car, and it is best to do it right at the airport, where prices are about 25% lower. It is unprofitable to travel by car in large cities such as New York and San Francisco due to the fact that there are few parking spaces, but the traffic is just crazy.
But between the cities laid great amount highway, the most famous of which - Route 66. This highway, which is four thousand kilometers long, is considered the mother of all American roads and personifies the desire of the people to unite. It links the two ends of the city in different ends countries - Los Angeles and Chicago.
Electricity in the country
The electrical network in the United States is arranged somewhat differently than in Russia. Mains voltage in America 120 Volt, and the sockets themselves are designed for plugs with three pins, two of which are flat. In old houses, sockets for plugs with two pins can still be found, but they are also flat and located closer friend to a friend than in our usual surebets. Sockets of this type have ceased to be installed since 1962.
In almost all homes in the States, two electrical circuits are supplied in antiphase, which allows you to get a voltage of 240 volts. Air conditioners operate from such power sources, washing machines, electric stoves and other powerful energy consumers.
Visitors are advised to purchase adapters, which are sold both here and in America, as well as on sites like Amazon. It is best to stock up on such adapters in advance, especially since they are inexpensive. If you intend to move to the States, then it is better to leave most of the equipment at home. Hair dryers, irons and other household items can be bought already in the US.
Holidays in the USA
The people of the USA take away great attention their national holidays. Let us dwell only on the most important of them, the celebration of which is enshrined at the federal level.
USA Independence Day(Independence Day) is celebrated every year on July 4th. It was on this day in 1776 that the famous Declaration of Independence was signed, which proclaimed the freedom of the States from Great Britain. This day is considered the country's birthday. Americans call this day simply - "Fourth of July". The celebration covers all cities, accompanied by fireworks, concerts, carnivals, parades, fairs and other public events. Performances on this day have a patriotic bias. July 4 is an official holiday for all federal institutions.
Thanksgiving Day(Thanksgiving Day) is celebrated in the United States every fourth Thursday in November. This holiday is also a public holiday in Canada, where it is celebrated in October. In the States, this day, often referred to simply as Thanksgiving, kicks off the entire festive season that continues into Christmas and the New Year. Traditionally, Thanksgiving is celebrated in the family circle, several generations gather under one roof, and everyone says thanks for all the good things that happened to him in life. Since 1927, Macy's, New York's largest department store, has staged a grand Thanksgiving parade with inflatable figures of various characters in honor of Thanksgiving Day. The ceremony of inflating these toys takes place the day before.
Christmas(Christmas) in the United States is celebrated on December 25, as enshrined in the tradition of Catholicism. This is one of the most international holidays in America, which reflects the traditions different countries. For example, the custom of singing Christmas carols came from Great Britain, and Christmas trees are decorated according to German customs. In the United States, it is customary to decorate their homes with Christmas symbols and cook a turkey for dinner, and the film It's a Wonderful Life starring James Stewart is shown on TV. And do not forget that the traditions of celebrating Christmas differ depending on the region. For example, there is no snow in sunny Hawaii, and Santa comes there by boat.
Martin Luther King Day(Martin Luther King, Jr. Day) is celebrated on the third Monday of January and has been an official public holiday since 2000. It is dedicated to the most famous fighter for the rights of African Americans. On this day, schools, banks, the postal service and US offices do not work, and television broadcasts the famous speeches of Martin Luther King.
National clothes in the USA
If you think a little about the history of the United States, you can remember that the country's population consists entirely of emigrants. At first, Europeans came here to start new life in the New World. Then, in the era of the colonists, the southerners brought slaves from Africa; people often come to the States from the nearest countries of Latin America. There are many Irish and people from other countries here. In a word, this state is international. Every state, every city, every region has its own traditions.
That is why in the USA there is no national dress as such. Businessmen dress in suits, in big cities you can meet those who follow the latest fashion trends. Of great importance is street fashion, which is adjacent to trends from world brands.
As far as the southern states are concerned, nothing can be said about country style. Now the cowboy style is no longer so common, but still leather pants and vests, colorful skirts and blouses, shirts, canvas products, wide hats - all this is involuntarily associated with a purely American style of clothing.
Yet the natives of America are Indians, so it makes sense to talk about their national clothes. Depending on the areas, they dressed differently, for example, in the southern tribes, men went almost without clothes and tattooed almost their entire body. An important element of the clothing of the North American Indians is a cape, somewhat reminiscent of a raincoat. A shirt is a distinctive feature of those husbands who have achieved a high position.
From the middle of the XIX century, the Indians began to borrow clothes and white people. Prior to that, fur and leather products were common, which, by the way, were of good quality, in no way inferior to European ones.
Jewelry is a passion of the Indians, so they were often applied to the clothes themselves. That's why embroidery, drawings and all kinds fringe- an integral part of the appearance of the Indian. Women's attire is either leather skirt with a shirt, or a shirt-dress, necessarily decorated with embroidery and other decorative elements.
Hairstyle and headwear important detail the shape of an Indian. Long hair was usually tied with a strap or scarf at the back. The famous headdress consists of several rows of feathers that fall over the shoulders. Earrings, rings, necklaces were worn by both women and men. The size, quantity and quality of such decorations were determined by the status of the Indian.
National cuisine in the USA
American national cuisine is unique in that it is diverse. Its history of development begins when the British colonists come to the continent. That is, the culinary traditions of England of the 17th-18th centuries were taken as the basis, and, of course, some cooking features that the American Indians used had an influence. For example, wedge syrup and corn dishes came from Indian customs.
Currently, the national cuisine of the United States is synthesis of different immigrant traditions. For example, pasta and pizza came from Italy, sausages and Hamburger steaks came from Germany. Dishes of Chinese and other Asian cuisines are common.
American cuisine is widely used semi-finished products, as well as fast food chains, the most popular of which are MacDonald's.
In addition to English cuisine, American cuisine was influenced by Spanish, French, Italian, German, Chinese and, of course, African, which is especially true for the southern states: in the first centuries of colonization, the British brought many Negroes from the west coast of Africa for overwork, who eventually got into slavery.
The specifics of the national cuisine depends on which particular region you are in, because in different states the influence of different cultures prevails, and besides, climatic conditions differ. One way or another, widespread in the United States received salads especially vegetables.
Ice- a traditional addition to the American table. Iced tea is popular throughout the country. US cuisine is characterized by the use a large number spices. Often used dried dill, cumin, cloves, garlic powder, Bay leaf, nutmeg, ginger and more. Favorite side dish among Americans - rice. Several varieties are used: long, wild, brown.
Now let's take a quick look at what dishes are preferred in different regions.
On South deep-fried chicken and other meat dishes such as smoked pork, beef schnitzels enjoy great respect. Also in the southern states they like to cook crabs. There you can try crab soups and cutlets, and since the climate of the south is good for growing corn, it finds its way into local recipes. For example, pancakes and bread are made from cornmeal.
Texas cuisine is a Tex-Mex, that is, an organic combination of American and Mexican traditions in cooking. Here you can taste sweet stuffed peppers, burritos, tacos, etc.
In the states Midwest baked potatoes are widespread and many dishes prepared according to Italian recipes. In Chicago, for example, pizza is very popular, and most of all in the Midwest they love charcoal-grilled beef steak. Chocolate cakes are also often prepared in this region.
Fish dishes are popular in the northeastern United States. Lobsters, oysters, shellfish are common here, and vegetables with corned beef are often cooked. In general, seafood is highly respected in America, and the fish menu can be very diverse.
Religion and customs of the country
It is difficult to talk about the traditions and customs that are characteristic of the entire population of the United States, because this country is multinational. Immigrants who come here continue to live in the culture from which they came, and do not assimilate into the population. Of course, everything changes with the course of history, but it can be said that each state, each city and each community has its own customs.
However, some features can be identified at the national level. For example, in the United States, great importance is attached to family and intergenerational ties. On important holidays such as Christmas and Thanksgiving, it is customary to return to one's home and spend time with relatives. On Mother's Day and Father's Day, gifts are always given here.
In America, it is considered ignorant not to know the names of all the presidents of the country and the words national anthem. An important tradition of the States is tolerance to other people's views, interests and, of course, cultural and ethnic characteristics. In addition, residents try to be open to everything new.
Traditionally in the States they support connection with your neighbors. It is customary to be on friendly terms with them, but it is important to maintain a certain distance and not interfere in other people's affairs. Hospitality and cordiality is a mandatory feature of the average US citizen.
For Americans materialism and individualism mean more than for Russian and European citizens. It is important here to have a good income and demonstrate your independence, but at the same time you need to behave modestly, and high income is not advertised here. This is due to the importance for US citizens public opinion. An important trait of most Americans is being punctual and following a schedule.
Passion for good cars is inherent in the average American. This is due to the fact that the country has a well-developed road transport network, and it is very convenient to travel by private car, even over long distances. Passion for sports is characteristic of the inhabitants of America. They love baseball, golf, basketball, etc.
Blues, jazz, rap, rock and other musical genres have received the love of Americans, as well as country music typical of the south of the country.
Love for your culture and history, concern for the environment and the heritage of the country is instilled at the family and state levels.
Religion plays a huge role in the USA, but at the same time they are tolerant of all faiths, and almost all of them are represented here. Often religions influence each other in such a way that special beliefs are born. If we turn to statistics, then most of the Americans - Protestants(more than 50%). Approximately 25% of US citizens profess Catholicism Baptism and Orthodoxy are also represented. Of course, there are many Jews, Muslims and Buddhists here. Independent studies have found that 30% of Americans are atheists, but this has not been officially confirmed. Regardless of their own views, citizens are instilled from childhood with respect for representatives of all faiths.
Rules of conduct in the USA
A feature of the American mentality is the reverence and following the laws of the state and the state. It is on the law that US citizens rely in their rules of conduct.
In the States, it is incredibly important to observe public order, therefore, smoking or drinking alcohol in the wrong place is really fined here. Beer bottles must be masked, for which opaque paper is used. Drunk driving is also severely punished. You can’t drink alcohol before the age of 21, so in the United States not only do they not sell alcohol to minors, but they also don’t let them into some establishments.
Everyone knows that in America they are reverent about ensuring that representatives of different ethnic groups are not infringed. For this reason, here you can not call blacks blacks and joke with a racist bias.
In American restaurants, you either eat everything you paid for, or the leftovers will be packaged for you to take with you.
It is worth noting some differences in Russian and American rules of conduct. In the United States, for example, it is not the norm to give someone a seat on public transport. Also, there is no habit of giving gifts when visiting.
Due to the terrorist threat in large cities, it is forbidden to take photos and videos on bridges and in the subway. You can't throw trash on the streets. In addition, you need to sort your garbage even at home, as there are separate bins for glass, plastic and paper.
Social norms require everyone to be treated with respect, so for a simple altercation, for example, with one of the service personnel, you can get a lawsuit here.
It is worth remembering that in America a woman is really on an equal footing with a man, since feminism is very common in the country. Because of this, treating a lady politely (for example, trying to let her go ahead) can be perceived as sexual harassment.
Entertainment in the USA
The entertainment sector in the United States of America is well developed, so here everyone can find something to their liking.
Better beaches located in Florida, Hawaii and California. That is, both in the west and in the east you can enjoy a beach holiday. Connoisseurs of a tropical paradise, of course, choose Hawaii. By the way, most of the vacationers in the resorts of Hawaii are Americans themselves.
Throughout the West, that is, in the states where the Rocky Mountains are located, you can have great fun on ski slopes.
Among the inhabitants of the country are popular different sport competitions . Basketball fans do not miss the opportunity to get to the games of the NBA league. Tourists may be interested in baseball and American football. Hockey is also very popular.
Holidays in the United States they celebrate it massively, so among the entertainments one can single out parades, concerts, fairs and festivals timed to coincide with various events - Christmas, Independence Day, Thanksgiving Day, St. Patrick's Day, etc.
Amusement parks like Disneyland are also very popular, especially among connoisseurs of interesting family vacations. There are a lot of natural attractions and national parks in the USA. Worth seeing is the Grand Canyon in Arizona, Lassen Volcanic National Park in California, which is home to the world's largest lava cone volcano.
Great amount museums and cultural centers is located in New York, San Francisco, Washington and other American cities. Las Vegas offers a wide range of entertainment for gamblers, and in general, each city is attractive in its own way.
Difference in time
The territory of the United States of America lies in six time zones at once from UTC-10 to UTC-5. It is easy to guess that the difference with Moscow varies depending on the chosen region. The data below is only for winter time. Daylight Savings Time in the United States occurs everywhere except in Hawaii and Arizona (with the exception of Navajo Nation Territories). The transition schedule is the same as in European countries.
New York, Miami, and Washington, DC all lie within Eastern North American Time, or UTC-5. The difference with Moscow is -9 hours, that is, in the States 9 hours less than in the Russian capital.
Chicago is in the Central American time zone. The states of Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Minnesota, Alabama, Mississippi, Minnesota, Missouri and partially Kansas, Nebraska, Tennessee, Florida, North and South Dakota, Indiana, Michigan and Kentucky are located here. The difference with Moscow in the central part of America is -10 h.
In the mountainous states (Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, etc.), the UTC-7 time zone dominates, for which the difference with the Russian capital is equal to –11 h.
Las Vegas, Nevada is in the Pacific Standard Time zone, or UTC-8. For this region, the difference with Moscow is another hour more, that is -12 hours. The state of California is located in the same belt along with Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento, etc.
Alaska is located in the UTC-9 zone, which is characterized by a lag behind the Russian capital equal to –13 h. The farthest state in time is Hawaii (UTC-10), the time in which lags behind Moscow by 14 h.
Flight time to USA
If you have planned a trip to America, it is best to prepare for a long flight. From the Russian capital to Washington the flight will take at least 10 hours and 20 minutes. Slightly further away NY, the journey to which will take 10 hours and 25 minutes.
To get to Los Angeles, you will have to spend even longer on the road - about 13 hours. Average flight time from the capital to sunny Miami will be approximately 12 hours 40 minutes. Before Las Vegas you need to fly about 15 hours.
To get to New York from the Russian cities of Siberia and the Far East, it is better to choose a route through Japan, Hong Kong or Korea. You will have to spend several days on the way, but it will still come out faster than through Moscow. There are also direct flights from some cities. For example, the fastest flight to New York from Novosibirsk can only take 9.5 hours.
It should be remembered that the minimum flight time to the United States is indicated. Much depends on which airline you are applying to and whether there will be stops and transfers along the way.
From time immemorial, long before the discovery of America by Columbus, numerous tribes of an amazing and mysterious people, very strong and hardy, lived on this land in harmony with nature. There were about 400 different tribes in North America alone. Some of them were hunters, others were warriors, others were engaged in cattle breeding and farming... Accordingly, they all had different lifestyles, traditions, culture. Each tribe had its own, different from the others, traditional style of clothing, although they had much in common in clothing.
MEN'S CLOTHING
The men of many tribes often walked bare-chested and wore only loincloths (esh) made of leather.
As for the inhabitants of the plains, eastern and northern regions, they wore significantly more clothes.
Traditionally, clothes were made from the skins of deer, antelopes, bison and other animals, and decorated with feathers or porcupine quills. Later they began to use beads in large quantities. From the skins, the Indians were able to make very soft and durable leather, from which they later sewed clothes, shoes, and much more. At the same time, each tribe kept its secrets for dressing skins.
Of course, the clothing of the Indians varied depending on the weather and destination.
In summer, they wore shirts made of deer skin, and two separate cloth trousers, called leggins, were attached to the belt.
They also had ponchos. sheep wool and wool blankets.
For hunting, they put on the most simple and comfortable clothes, but for solemn ceremonies and rituals, as well as choosing a bride for themselves, they tried to dress in such a way as to look rich and beautiful.
How smart a warrior's clothes would be depended entirely on his merits on the battlefield. The shirt and leggings were decorated with embroidered ornaments using porcupine quills or beads, as well as fringes either from strips of leather or from ermine skins.
In cold weather, there was nothing warmer and more durable than a cape or cloak made of bison skin.
If it was a whole skin, then it was thrown in such a way that the tail was on the right hand.
In the 19th century, under the influence of white people, the Indians greatly changed their traditional clothing style - they began to sew their outfits from velvet, silk, using satin ribbons, and also began to wear with pleasure the clothes that they saw on the Europeans, they especially liked hats, vests, uniforms, scarves, shawls ...
WOMEN'S CLOTHING
Women usually wear long skirt with a shirt, gown or tunic, or a long dress with or without an underskirt.
Typical women's clothing It was a sleeveless cube dress sewn from two elk skins with slits for the arms.
In cold weather, a cape was used for warmth.
All women were skilled craftswomen, they sewed all the clothes for themselves, and for men, and for children. For work, they used home-made improvised machines. ready-made clothes decorated with drawings, various objects - bells, coins, shells, animal teeth, as well as embroidery and fringe. Feathers were of particular esteem. Passion for jewelry is in the blood of the Indians, and in addition to decorated clothes, both men and women liked to wear a wide variety of necklaces, rings, bracelets - both on their hands and on their feet.
INDIAN SHOES
For the Indians of North America, there are no better shoes than moccasins, we can say that this is their national treasure.
Moccasins are also sewn from animal skins, and very often they are decorated with drawings, embroidery, feathers, beads. They can be higher, lower, they can be with soft or hard soles - depending on what they are to be used for.
For cold weather, moccasins are sewn with fur inside.
Moccasins are often used in tandem with leggings, especially if they are going hunting. Leggings resemble leggings familiar to us, they are also pulled over the ankles.
HAIRSTYLES
All Indians, both men and women, wore long hair, which were usually intercepted with a strap or bandage.
And the most common hairstyles were braids.
The same feathers were often used to decorate hairstyles...
HATS
Each tribe had its own sacred animal, the tribes often called themselves that - a tribe of a wolf, a crow, a bear ... Often the Indians also wore appropriate headdresses.
The Indians attached great importance to their headdresses; eagle feathers were most often used to decorate them.
Warrior hairstyles
1.Warbonnet hats
Warbonnet is a very beautiful and well-known headdress made of several rows of feathers. Its owners could only be men - leaders and warriors.
At one time, it was invented by the Indians of the eastern forest regions. Feathers for warbonnets were selected very carefully - by size, by color. In general, they preferred to use very beautiful feathers from the tails or wings of young golden eagles.
It took several months to make one piece.
A lot of feathers were required, then there was even such a profession in the tribes - "Catcher of Eagles".
2. Headwear Roach (Roach)
Although Warbonnet was very beautiful and popular, it was not very practical - it was inconvenient to fight in it. Much more comfortable was a headdress called Roach. It was a tuft or comb of hard quills of a porcupine or hard hair of a deer, elk, or horse fixed on the head. The needles used and the hair were often dyed bright colors and, of course, decorated. Usually feathers.
