Card file of games for the development of fine motor skills of hands. Do-it-yourself didactic games for the development of fine motor skills of hands in preschool children
Reading 14 min.
Researchers have confirmed the close connection between the development of the muscles of the child's hand and the development of his speech and thinking. High level of formation fine motor skills children's fingers provides a sufficient level of memory, attention and prepares the hand for writing.
Fine motor skills of the hands are associated with the development of the left temporal and left frontal areas of the brain, which are responsible for the formation of many mental functions.
V. Sukhomlinsky rightly stated: "The mind of a child is at the tips of his fingers." The hand gives rise to the development of thinking. In the process of activity, the muscles of the hands perform three main functions: organs of movement, organs of cognition, energy accumulators (both for the muscles themselves and for other organs).
If a child touches a certain object, then the muscles and skin of the hands at that time “teach” the eyes and brain to see, touch, distinguish, remember.
The hand cognizes, and the brain captures sensation and perception, combining them with visual, auditory and olfactory into complex integrated images and representations.
The process of mental development occurs under the condition of high physical activity of children. With regular cross movements, it is formed a large number of nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres of the brain and contribute to the development of higher mental functions.
For the development of interhemispheric interaction, you can perform exercises involving the muscles of the hands.
What is necessary for the development of motor skills and speech
The level of speech development depends on the degree of formation of small movements of the fingers. Based on the examination of children, a pattern was revealed: if the development of finger movements corresponds to age, then speech development within the normal range, if the development of finger movements lags behind, then speech development is also delayed, although general motor skills may be normal and even higher than normal.
Training the movements of the fingers and hands is the most important factor stimulating the speech development of the child, contributing to the improvement of articulatory movements, preparing the hand for writing, which is no less important, is a powerful tool that stimulates the performance of the cerebral cortex, and therefore the development of the child's thinking.
Age features of the development of fine motor skills of the hands
There are certain age-related features of the development of fine motor skills of the hands:
1-2 years. The child holds two objects in one hand; draws with a pencil, turns the pages of a book. Places 2 to 6 dice on top of each other.
2-3 years. Opens the drawer and topples its contents. Plays with sand and clay. Opens lids, uses scissors, paints with a finger. Strings beads.
3-4 years. Holds pencil with fingers, copies shapes with a few strokes. Collects and builds buildings from 9 cubes.
4-5 years. Draws with pencils or crayons. Builds buildings with more than 9 cubes. Folds paper more than 1 time. Identifies objects in a bag by touch, molds from plasticine (from 2 to 3 parts), laces up shoes.
finger games
Finger games will help children:
- make a breakthrough in the development of speech - improve pronunciation and enrich vocabulary;
- prepare your hand for writing;
- develop attention, patience, the so-called internal brake - the ability to restrain yourself exactly when it is needed;
- stimulate imagination, show creativity;
- learn to control your body, feel confident in the system of "body coordinates", which will eliminate the possibility of neurosis.
Period from 2 to 3 years
The period from 2 to 3 years is an extremely important stage in the life of a child, in particular, in intellectual and cognitive development.
As you know, the organ of thinking, the organ of all human mental activity is the brain. In the process of child development, when brain cells grow, their formation, when nerve fibers grow rapidly - the pathways that connect the brain with the sense organs and muscles, during the contraction of which various movements occur, the increase in brain mass is of great importance.
The most intensive increase in the brain in early and younger preschool age indicates that it is at this time that children develop especially rapidly. Indeed, how much knowledge and skills a child acquires during the first three years of his life!
He learns to look and listen, talk, grasp objects and act with them, stand, walk, run, jump, go down and up stairs. And the child masters numerous skills - to use a spoon, brush, pencil and many other items.
The memory of the child is enriched with a huge amount of knowledge about colors and sounds, about the phenomena and objects of nature, the properties of various objects and products of people's labor. The kid learns space and time, masters speech, learns to communicate with adults and peers, learns the basic rules of behavior.
Conditions and organization of children's activities
For the full development of the baby and for the development of the child's motor skills, the conditions and organization of the child's activities are essential. In this regard, children's toys play a significant role. They should be varied, bright, interesting.
Children improve motor coordination and vision, learn to concentrate their attention largely thanks to toys: kids choose toys for themselves to play on their own, perform various actions with them, including at the request of an adult.
This contributes to the development and improvement of speech and thinking of children.
In games - classes, an adult introduces the child to objects, their features and characteristics, teaches them to act with them and name them.
The game is an amazing activity that many scientists have worked on studying. Despite the fact that the game does seem to be quite a free pastime, it is an extremely valuable activity for children.
In the life of a baby, play is of extreme importance, which cannot be compared with anything. A child who does not play cannot develop well and quickly.
Games in kindergarten and at home
In the nursery preschool children usually have a place and time to play. These necessary for the mental development of the baby in speech should be taken care of by the parents of the child at home. It is useful when a father or mother encourages the child to play, tell and show him exactly how to play with a particular toy.
The game is a kind of school of life and a path to the development of children's creativity, independence, the acquisition of communication skills, and the like.
Listening to poems and fairy tales, the child learns a lot of new and interesting things about the world, trees and flowers, people and animals, fantastic heroes, their amazing Adventures and so on.
Naturally, 2-3-year-old kids cannot immediately understand what an adult told them about. Therefore, children often require repeated repetition of the same fairy tales, stories, nursery rhymes, songs, poems.
Such repetition plays an important role: it enables the child to think about the plot of what he heard. If a child is offered more and more new books, from childhood he gets used to a superficial acquaintance with them.
The main thing is that the child learns to understand what he has heard. To do this, it is important to ask questions: what (or whom) is the rhyme or fairy tale about?
Sometimes, after reading, it is useful for an adult to ask a child: who did we read about today?”, “What did he do?”, “What happened to him?”, “How did the fairy tale end?” questions like these make the child think about what they have read.
Similar work can be carried out on pictures, when children look at illustrations in books or individual pictures with a certain plot. Youngest child before school age it is advisable to ask: “What is this?”, “What is drawn here?”.
An important means of not only understanding the world around us, but also the communication of children with each other is the assimilation of speech. Therefore, it is necessary to develop in the child not only his understanding of adult speech (passive speech), but also his own, active conversational speech.
There are many opportunities for adults to do this. It is imperative to monitor the purity of children's speech, the correct use of words by the child and the construction of sentences.
Means for the development of motor skills
It is equally important to worry about the development of fine motor skills, which are improved in a variety of activities - drawing, coloring, modeling, and the like.
The hand for a child is an organ not only of labor, but also of knowledge. Parents often stop the baby, forbidding him to touch unnecessary, in their opinion, things. And absolutely in vain!
After all, in this way they retard his mental development, since a child cannot yet understand much only on the basis of his own judgment. This role of physical action persists for many years and is manifested in work with new and unfamiliar objects for the child. It has been established that intellectual action is gradually formed only on the basis of practical action.
Mental development of the child preschool age occurs and improves in a variety of games and activities, creative and educational. The kid, with the necessary help from adults, learns to observe and gets a lot of vivid impressions about the world around him, gradually acquiring the ability to practically act and comprehend what he sees and hears thanks to the mastery of speech.
If at the same time the child also learns the basic rules of behavior, communication skills, the ability to handle things, we can say that she is usefully going through this period of her life.
How is motor skills related to speech?
One of the indicators of a child’s readiness for schooling is the level of development of fine motor skills, because the level of speech development directly depends on how well the fine movements of the fingers are formed.
As domestic scientists have revealed, if finger movements are developed in accordance with age, then speech development is within the age norm. If the development of finger movements lags behind, then the development of the motor side of speech is also delayed, although general motor skills may correspond to the norm.
Unfortunately, not all parents are aware of this interdependence, and therefore often lose the opportunity to help the child avoid problems in speech development in time.
Motility problems
Many parents understand the need for the development of the baby from birth and are very interested in working with children. But in order for the classes to be effective, and the baby to enjoy them, they should always be interesting, fun and must be appropriate for the age of the baby.
Each of us had to meet children of four or five years old who hold a spoon in their fist, do not know how to properly hold a brush or pencil, use scissors, sometimes they cannot fasten buttons, lace up shoes, tie a scarf and the like.
It's no secret that some parents find it easier to put their child in front of the TV or at the computer by turning on a full-length cartoon or putting the game on for an hour so that the child does not distract from talking on the phone with a friend or other adult activities.
Only a few parents admit the fact that it is difficult for them to calmly wait until their child laces up his shoes on his own, fastens all the small buttons on his shirt, finishes his porridge and the like.
Therefore, instead of shoes with laces, they buy Velcro shoes, instead of a shirt - a sweater with a zipper, they feed the child themselves in order to free up time for other things. Few parents think about the fact that such time saving deprives their child of the opportunity to develop finger movements, and, consequently, improve the quality of broadcasting.
The effect of fine motor skills on a child's ability to learn
The results of research by scientists, the practical experience of defectologists, speech therapists indicate that in Lately in children, the level of development of fine movements of the fingers has noticeably decreased and, unfortunately, the number of children with delayed speech and mental development has increased.
Experts have found that in most children with general underdevelopment of speech, the fingers are inactive, their movements are inaccurate, inconsistent, uncoordinated. It is difficult for such children to switch from performing one movement to another.
Unfortunately, parents learn about problems with coordination of movements and fine motor skills in a child only during the period of preparing the child for school or already at school age, when the child begins to lag behind his peers during his studies and does not keep up with the program.
At the same time, the load on the child increases significantly, because, in addition to assimilating new information, one also has to learn to hold the pen in naughty fingers. But such problems can be prevented if a lag in the development of coordination of movements and fine motor skills in a child is detected in time. With properly planned corrective work, you can correct the situation even at preschool age.
Fine motor skills as a factor in the elimination of speech disorders
It is worth remembering that the speech areas in the cerebral cortex are formed under the influence of an increase in impulses that intensely come from the fingers.
Fine motor skills are directly related to speech and affect not only its development, but also help to prevent and eliminate possible speech disorders.
In addition, it directly affects the child's ability to learn - the "smarter" the hands, the smarter the baby. It's all in the brain. Or rather, in the centers responsible for the movements of the fingers and speech.
These centers are located very close to each other. Thus, by developing fine motor skills, we thereby stimulate the corresponding parts of the brain, and activate neighboring parts responsible for speech.
According to the doctor of medical sciences, professor, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Education M. Koltsova, there is every reason to consider the hand as an organ of speech.
The importance of early age for the development of motor skills of the future personality
Hands are a thin instrument, and they are “tuned” for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to start work on the development of baby hand movements from birth. After all, a child is at the age of a baby, and especially at early age, has a huge potential for the formation of a future personality, in particular its intellectual development.
It is at an early age that a baby can gain a lot, but also lose a lot. It should be noted that the losses of this period are more difficult to compensate with age, and the gains remain for life.
Do not forget that it is in the first three years of life that the brain develops most intensively: by seven months, the child's brain doubles, at one and a half years - three, and up to three years it is already 3/4 of the mass of the brain of an adult.
Effective conditions for the development of motor skills in preschool children
It is necessary to use all fingers on both hands. Compression, stretching and relaxation movements must be combined. Exercises should be based on the use of isolated movements of each finger.
For the development of motor skills of the child's hands, it is important to train both hands. It is also important in games to develop subtle movements of the fingers of both hands, and in everyday life to strive to distribute various actions between the right and left hands.
The value of games for the development of fine motor skills of hands
Games and exercises for the development of motor skills are a powerful means of maintaining the tone and performance of the cerebral cortex, a means of its interaction with lower structures.
At the same time, attention, memory, auditory and visual perception improve in children, perseverance, playing and educational and practical activities are formed.
Systematic exercises also help to develop the skills of self-control and self-regulation of hand movements not only under visual control, but also with the participation of touch, tactile-motor sensations.
Games from improvised materials
To strengthen and develop the child's hand, coordination of movements, various exercises and actions with objects are recommended:
Lacing game
You can buy a ready-made “lacing”, or you can make it yourself. I am sure that the child will play with even greater pleasure if the father or mother makes the basis on their own, especially for him. You will need a piece of linoleum, plywood, plastic, etc. with holes made and lace.
Fasteners game
Fastening of buttons, buttons, flypapers, snakes. You need fabric, buttons and thread.
Laying out, sorting out the bones
You need: a plate, bones, preferably different (for example, from apricots, peaches, cherries). But if the child is still small, it is better to take large bones.
Creating a necklace from buttons, straw particles, large beads
To develop motor skills by creating a necklace, you will need: lace, buttons with large holes, several multi-colored straws for a cocktail (cut into pieces 1-3 cm long), beads, scissors.
Clothespin games
You will need clothespins and cardboard.
Unscrewing and screwing caps
You will need necks and lids from plastic bottles, shoe box, glue.
Twisting tapes
Magic bag game
Guessing objects by touch. You will need a bag with a variety of small toys and objects.
Pencil rolling
Rolling a pencil or pen in the palms helps to stimulate biologically active points, tones the body as a whole.
Stroke stencils
To develop motor skills in this game, you will need a plastic bottle with a flat wall (a shampoo bottle will do), scissors.
Applications from cereals
For the development of motor skills through the application, you will need: cardboard, plasticine, glue, cereals, seeds, pasta and the like.
Transferring seeds, chestnuts, cereals, beans, shells, coins, etc. from one container to another.
Need: two or more bowls (you can use one plastic and the other metal, then we also develop hearing), “loose”. To complicate it, you can combine all the "loose" and ask the child to decompose them into different containers.
Drawing on sand or semolina
What you need: a flat plate or tray, semolina or sand.
Finger painting
Needed: paper, you can blank for coloring, Finger paint, water, wet wipes.
Salt dough molding
Need to: salty dough(can be multi-colored), rolling pin, various molds for squeezing.
Each of these techniques for the development of motor skills is also aimed at the comprehensive development of the child: his musculoskeletal system, sensory sensitivity, hand-eye coordination, voluntary attention, psychoregulation skills.
Enjoy your games and communication!
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The advantage of the games below, for the development of fine motor skills in children, is that they do not require any special toys, manuals, etc. The games use improvised materials that are in any home: clothespins, buttons, beads, cereals, etc.
Games with household items
Take a bright tray.
Scatter any small cereal on a tray in a thin even layer. Run your child's finger over the rump. Get a bright contrasting line. Let the kid draw some chaotic lines himself. Then try to draw some objects together (fence, rain, waves), letters, etc.
A container or bowl filled with some kind of uniform filler (water, sand, various cereals, any small items)
The child puts his hands there and, as it were, mixes the contents. Then he is offered a container with a different filler texture. After several tests, the child, with his eyes closed, lowers his hand into the proposed vessel and tries to guess its contents, without feeling its individual elements with his fingers.
Pick up buttons different color and size.
First, lay out the drawing yourself, then ask the baby to do the same on their own. After the child learns to complete the task without your help, invite him to come up with his own versions of the drawings. From a button mosaic, you can lay out a tumbler, a butterfly, a snowman, balls, beads, etc.
Give your child a round hairbrush.
Let him roll it between his palms, saying:
"At the pine, at the fir, the Christmas tree
Very sharp needles.
But even stronger than spruce,
The juniper will prick you."
Get a sink rack (usually it consists of many cells).
The child walks with his index and middle fingers, like legs, along these cells, trying to take steps on each stressed syllable. You can “walk” alternately with one or the other hand, or you can use both at the same time, saying:
"We wandered in the zoo,
Each cell was approached
And they looked at everyone:
Bear cubs, wolf cubs, beavers.
We take a dumpling.
Its surface, as you remember, looks like a honeycomb. The kid with two fingers (index and middle) depicts a bee flying over honeycombs:
"Fingers, like bees, fly over honeycombs
And they enter each one with a check: what is there?
Will there be enough honey for all of us until spring,
To avoid hungry dreams?
Pour 1 kg of peas or beans into the pan.
The child puts his hands in there and depicts how the dough is kneaded, saying:
"Knead, knead the dough,
There is room in the oven.
Will-will be from the oven
Buns and rolls."
Pour dry peas into a mug .
For each stressed syllable, the child transfers the peas one by one to another mug. First with one hand, then with both hands at the same time, alternately with the thumb and middle fingers, thumb and ring finger, thumb and little finger. Any quatrains are chosen.
Pour the peas on a saucer.
The child takes a pea with his thumb and forefinger and holds it with his other fingers (as when picking berries), then he takes the next pea, then another and another - this way he picks up a whole handful. You can do this with one or two hands.
We put two corks from plastic bottles on the table with the thread up.
This is skiing. Index and middle fingers stand in them like legs. We move on "skis", taking a step for each stressed syllable:
"We are skiing, we are racing down the mountain,
We love the fun of the cold winter."
You can try to do the same with both hands at the same time.
The child collects matchesor counting sticks
with the same fingertips of different hands: two index, two middle, etc.
We build a "log house" from matches or counting sticks. The higher and smoother the frame, the better.
Clothespin (check with your fingers that it is not too tight)
alternately "bite" the nail phalanges (from the index to the little finger and back) on the stressed syllables of the verse:
"A silly kitten bites hard,
He thinks it's not a finger, but a mouse. (Change of hands.)
But I'm playing with you baby
And if you bite, I'll tell you: "Shoo!".
We take the rope (thick as the little finger of a child) and tie 12 knots on it.
The child, sorting through the nodes with his fingers, names the month of the year in order for each node. You can make similar devices from beads, buttons, etc.
We pull the rope at the level of the child’s shoulders and give him a few clothespins.
For each stressed syllable, he hooks a clothespin to the rope:
"I'll pinch the clothespins deftly
I'm on my mother's rope."
The child crumples, starting from the corner, a handkerchief (or plastic bag)
so that it all fits in the cam.
Child rolls a walnut between the palms and says:
"I roll my nut,
To become rounder than everyone."
The child holds two walnuts in one hand and rotates them one around the other.
Recognition of figures, numbers or letters, "written" on the right and left hand.
Identification of an object, letters, numbers by touch alternately with the right and left hand. A more complicated option - the child feels the proposed object with one hand, and sketches it with the other hand (with open eyes).
Plasticine molding of geometric shapes, letters, numbers.
For school-age children, modeling not only block letters, but also capital letters. Then the recognition of the stuck together letters with closed eyes.
Starting position - sitting on your knees and on your heels.
The arms are bent at the elbows, the palms are turned forward.
The thumb is opposed to the rest.
Simultaneously with both hands, two slaps are made with each finger on thumb, starting from the second to the fifth and vice versa.
rubber band
For this exercise, you can use an elastic band for hair with a diameter of 4-5 centimeters.
All fingers are inserted into the elastic.
The task is to move the elastic band 360%, first in one direction and then in the other direction, with the movements of all fingers.
It is performed first with one, then with the other handle.
Pencil rolling
between the fingers from the thumb to the little finger and back alternately with each hand.
Multicolored snowflakes (from 4 years old)
The game is aimed at developing fine motor skills of hands, the formation of accuracy.
Materials: felt-tip pens, white paper, scissors.
The host shows how to make snowflakes from sheets of paper by cutting through them.
After the children make many different snowflakes, he says that the snowflakes turned out to be different, but the same color.
Then friends-felt-tip pens came and gave the snowflakes multi-colored dresses.
The host asks the children to color the snowflakes.
Because snowflakes are openwork, it is necessary that the paper be stronger. Painting movements affect the development of fine motor skills of the hands.
Repeat the move
An adult, sitting opposite the child, makes some "figure" with the fingers of his hand (some fingers are bent, some are straightened - any combination).
The child must bring the fingers of his hand to exactly the same position - repeat the "figure".
The task here is complicated by the fact that he still needs to mirror it (after all, an adult is sitting opposite).
If this task causes difficulties for the child, then you can first practice by doing the exercise while sitting next to, and not in front of the child. So it will be easier for him to copy the position of the fingers.
drawing games
If a child has poorly developed fine motor skills and it is difficult for him to learn to write, then you can play games with drawing.
Let's say, race around squares or circles, or move along a maze drawn in advance.
The most interesting thing is when the child draws a maze for the parent, and the parent draws for the child.
And everyone tries to draw more intricately.
Now on sale there are many different stencils of various geometric shapes, animals, but, in principle, they are easy to make by yourself.
"The origins of abilities and talents
children at their fingertips.
The more confidence in the movements
child's hand, the finer the interaction of the hand
with a tool, harder movement,
the creative element of the child's mind is brighter.
And the more skill in a child's hand,
the smarter the child ... "
V.A. Sukhomlinsky.
It has long been no secret to anyone that the development of fine motor skills (flexibility and accuracy of finger movements) and tactile sensitivity is a powerful stimulus for the development of perception, attention, memory, thinking and speech in children. Children who have better developed fine hand movements have a more developed brain, especially those parts of it that are responsible for speech. The fingers are endowed big amount receptors that send impulses to the central nervous system person. Therefore, it is very important to develop fine motor skills in a child from a very early age. But just doing the exercises will be boring for the baby - you need to turn them into interesting and useful games. Along with the development of fine motor skills, memory, attention, and vocabulary of children develop. Fine motor skills of the hands are a variety of movements with fingers and palms.
You can develop the flexibility of the fingers and tactile sensitivity of children by organizing educational games for kids using common household items. The most important thing is that in order to play with a child, we do not need to buy anything, we have everything specially at hand: buttons, jars, tubes, lids, cereals, towels, rags, paper.
The level of development of fine motor skills is one of the indicators of intellectual readiness for learning. Usually a child with a high level of development of fine motor skills is able to reason logically, he has sufficiently developed memory and attention, coherent speech.
The relevance of work on the development of fine motor skills in young children is due to age-related psychological and physiological characteristics children: in early and younger preschool age, the structures and functions of the child's brain are intensively developing, which expands its capabilities in understanding the world around it. The educator, organizing a variety of activities for children with objects, toys and natural objects, it is important to activate the sensory foundations of cognition in children, to teach kids to use different senses to obtain information about the world around them: sight, hearing, smell, tactile sensations.
Download:
Preview:
"Pears and Apples with a Button"
Target: to exercise children in reinforcing the concepts of “big - small pear”, to teach how to fasten and unfasten pears, apples, where the child reinforces the concepts of “one”, “many”, the development of fine motor skills of hands.
Equipment: pictures of apples, pears, threads, buttons, cardboard for tree layout, adhesive tape for "lamination".
Game progress: Let's play "Hurricane" - blowing on a tree and swinging it with one hand, the teacher or child unfastens an apple from it. "Bang! The wind blew the apple away and it fell to the ground. They offer the child to be the wind - to blow, shake the tree, then unfasten the apples.
Preview:
Didactic game: "Feed the bun"
Target: development of fine motor skills and tactile sensitivity.
Equipment: low plastic jars with lids, cereals (beans, peas, buckwheat and others).
Game progress: the teacher tells the children that our Kolobok is hungry and needs to be fed. Children take cereal from a jar and put it in the mouth opening.
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Preview:
Didactic game "Grains-notions!"
Target: strengthening and development of fine motor skills of the hands, hand-eye coordination; the formation of the ability to combine by color (when using various cereals).
Equipment: various types of cereals (beans, rice, millet and others).
Game progress: First, it is necessary to pour millet on a tray in an even layer (you can also use other cereals), and then, using red beans (this way the contrasting color stands out better), they come up with and apply different patterns, Pictures.
Preview:
"Paint a picture with corks"
Target: develop imagination, creativity of children, fine motor skills of hands.
Equipment: illustrations depicting flowers, an airplane, a Christmas tree, a fly agaric, a cork or a button.
Game progress: the teacher asks to finish the picture with the help of corks or buttons.
Preview:
"Colorful clothespins"
Target : develop fine motor skills, imagination. Expand knowledge about the world around us, Exercise children in the ability to count and count, consolidate knowledge about color. Learn to take and open clothespins correctly, find the location by color. Cultivate an emotional attitude to the results of their work, perseverance, patience.
Equipment: planar image of objects (sun, plane, caterpillar, fish, turnip, beetroot, pineapple, house, hedgehog and others), clothespins.
Game progress: The teacher draws the attention of the children that the artist painted the objects, but forgot to draw some details. Invite the children to help the artist and use clothespins to finish the picture.
The early development of a child always implies, among other things, the development of fine motor skills, that is, teaching him to hold and operate with small objects. There are different ways to develop fine motor skills of the hands: each parent is free to choose what he and the child like. Below are the main nuances associated with the development of fine motor skills, the answer to the question of why it is necessary to develop it, and also presented games that will surely captivate your baby.
Why and when do you need the development of fine motor skills?
Scientists have long proven that the development of fine motor skills gives impetus to the development of speech in a child. Those children with whom mothers regularly play games, who are given a large number of objects of various textures to study, begin to speak earlier than their peers, who are denied the aforementioned entertainments. In addition, such children absorb information faster (tactile sensations are associated with brain activity), learn more easily, start writing faster. Quite often, the development of tactile sensations is used as preparation for school.
From the foregoing, we can conclude that the development of fine motor skills in a child should be as early as possible. Exist finger games, which can be played almost from birth.
How to develop fine motor skills in children of different ages?
Every age has its own games. You can’t argue with this statement, so it’s important not to rush things and consistently offer the child those toys that correspond to his age.
From birth to six months
At this time, the baby is actively developing tactile skills on its own. Starting from 3-4 months, the child consciously pulls the handles to the toys, feels the rattles, the hands of the mother, studies his fingers. You can offer the baby different games.
- Hand massage - gently knead children's fingers, stroke them, twist them gently. You can accompany the process with rhymes and jokes.
- Give the baby your thumbs and try to lift the baby up. The more often you do this exercise, the stronger the baby will grab your hands.
- Offer your child paper books or plain sheets paper. Show that they can be torn, crushed, twisted.
- Rattles, balls and toys with a ribbed surface are great helpers in early development baby.
From 7 months to a year
At this time, you can use the same materials and games as before six months. You can add several others.
- Pyramids - they will introduce the child to the concept of size and develop the ability to quickly string rings onto a rod.
- Cereals, beans, pasta - whatever you find in the kitchen. It is important to keep an eye on the child at all times so that he does not swallow foreign objects.
- Fabric and bags sewn from it with various fillers.
- Constructor.
- Cubes.
From one to two years
The number of toys for the development of fine motor skills should be gradually increased. Cereals and bags of grain are still interesting and useful for playing, but the baby is getting older and smarter, so with the available toys you can come up with new games that require a logical and deliberate approach.
You can also add unusual attributes to the game piggy bank.
- Water. Ask your child to pour water from one bowl to another, spilling as little liquid as possible.
- Laces and lacing.
- Beads, buttons, clothespins and other household items.
- Chinese chopsticks.
- Puzzles and mosaics.
- Drawing.
From 2 to 3 years
A three-year-old child is already a whole person. This is not a baby who pulls everything into his mouth, in this way knowing the world. At 2-3 years old, you can play quite serious games with a child that require attention, responsibility, and a clear sequence of actions.
- Test work.
- Finger gymnastics.
- Origami.
- Working with scissors and colored paper.
The construction set for children is not only a fashionable toy, but also a wonderful material for learning simple everyday truths, as well as a way to develop intelligence and thinking while playing.
When choosing a designer, follow the rule: the smaller the child, the more details. For the smallest, it is better to purchase a constructor consisting of large elements that will definitely not crawl into the throat of the crumbs if he wants to taste them.
Games with a designer can be different. You can “build” buildings and objects of only certain colors with your child (we learn colors), you can invite the baby to count the details (we learn how to count). One way or another, the designer will develop fine motor skills of hands in your child and improve his intelligence.
Modeling for the development of tactile sensations
Plasticine is known to all. This universal remedy, which is used both in kindergartens and at home and allows you to take the baby for a while. Almost all children love to sculpt from plasticine, but then we will not talk about him.
There is a safer, non-traditional, but very interesting way develop fine motor skills in crumbs with the help of modeling. This is salt dough. It is prepared very simply and quickly from products that are in any home, and at the same time, salt dough is completely safe (although it is edible, a child is unlikely to eat it). In addition, dough crafts can be kept as a keepsake, as they harden naturally(or they are baked in the oven), unlike plasticine masterpieces.
salt dough recipe
You will need:
- flour - 250 grams;
- salt - 250 grams;
- water - 125 ml.
Mix all the ingredients and knead the dough. To make it more elastic and not stick to your hands, you can add a spoonful of vegetable oil to it. There are also recipes with the addition of glue, starch and even cream. However, extra frills are useless. The simplest flour and salt dough is great for children's crafts.
Show your child several modeling techniques: rolling, flattening, kneading, etc. Let the baby work with the whole handle, sculpt small details. This will perfectly develop the flexibility of his fingers and fine motor skills of the hands.
Drawing teaches the kid to hold the brush correctly, which will later help him quickly and easily master spelling.
For drawing, you can use paints and brushes, pencils and felt-tip pens, crayons and pastels. And you can invite the kid to draw with his hands! Such an exercise will also be very useful for the development of fine motor skills. But keep in mind that it is better to paint with fingers using edible paints or, in extreme cases, paints without harmful substances.
You can create edible paints yourself. Take as a basis baby puree or semolina, and use either food coloring or vegetable and fruit juices as a coloring pigment.
You can start playing finger games from birth. At first, the mother will make movements with the child's arms. But soon the baby will understand what's what, and will move his fingers to the beat of a song or rhyme.
Finger games are an excellent exercise by which you can accelerate the development of fine motor skills of the hands, stimulate the brain, and also lay the foundation for teaching a child to write.
- Babies up to 6-7 months can do finger massage. Mom rubs each finger, saying his name. For example, you can use the nursery rhyme: Get up, Bolshak! Get up, Pointer!
Get up, Middle!
Get up, Orphan
And little Eroshka!
Hello palm!
- By the age of one, the child can already understand what is required of him. At this age, the mother acts only as an instructor. She shows the child the basic movements that the child must repeat. As a rule, the baby's fingers depict animals or people. You can also read a rhyme to the baby and perform basic movements under it. Clap your hands, connect your fingers into a pinch, squeeze your palm into a fist.
- With a child of 3 years and older, you can arrange a shadow show. It is better to select viewers from relatives so that the child is interested in “rehearsing” the performance. Also, for finger exercises, you can use various objects: nuts, beads, buttons, fabric.
Toys for the development of fine motor skills
For clarity, below is a general list of toys that help develop a tactile sense of touch and "teach" the baby's fingers to move in accordance with the nerve impulses of the brain.
- Pyramid.
- Cubes.
- Ribbed rattles.
- Balls of different sizes.
- Sorter.
- Books with raised pictures.
- Constructor.
- Accounts.
- Puzzles.
- Labyrinths.
- Lace frame.
- Beads.
- Button toys.
The development of fine motor skills according to the Montessori method
In the method of Maria Montessori great attention focuses on the development of fine motor skills of the hands. In her records there are many games that contribute to this. Below are the most interesting of them.
"Like an adult"
Give your child a sponge and some dirty cups. Let the baby, imitating mom, wash the dishes. Do you think this is an easy task? For inflexible children's fingers, it is quite difficult to keep the cup in the water and not drop it, and such an exercise will also be an excellent exercise for finger flexibility and the development of fine motor skills of the hands.
Buttons
Give your child a sweater, jacket, or other item that has buttons, hooks, and other fasteners. You can make a special simulator for your baby: combine several fasteners on one thing. This exercise is useful for fine motor skills, and also trains self-care skills.
Sorting
Take two bowls. Pour peas and buckwheat on the table (pasta and beans - choose any cereals). Have your child sort one from the other and divide into two bowls.
Too much like the task that the stepmother came up with for Cinderella? Maybe. But such a task is an excellent workout for small children's fingers.
Just don't overdo it. No need to force the child to sort out cereals if he is tired of it or he is tired.
Drawing on flour
Pour flour (semolina, sand, sugar) on the table. Invite the baby to draw on the powdered surface. The advantage of this drawing is that the drawing can be easily erased and started over.
shreds
Take several pieces of fabric with different textures. Wool, coarse knit, velvet, silk. Invite the child to touch each and describe their feelings.
Lacing
Ordinary shoelaces develop fine motor skills very well in babies. You can purchase a special frame with lacing, or you can teach your baby on the example of his own shoes.
Sponge
Ask your baby to transfer water from one bowl to another using a regular dishwashing sponge. In this case, the baby should try to get as few drops as possible on the table. This is not only a good exercise for the fingers, but also a training in accuracy.
Collector
Scatter small items on the floor and ask your child to collect them in a bowl or bag. You can also ask your child to name the color or "name" of each item.
Magician
Put a few items in a hat or opaque bag. The child must feel by touch what is in the bag. Ask the baby to pull out this or that thing. Before doing this, the child will study things with his fingers for a long time.
Conclusion
These and many other exercises and games are designed to develop the child's ability to manage their own hands, as well as enrich the list of his skills and abilities, teach him to think logically.
It is very important to regularly engage with the baby, but not to bother him. All classes must be presented in game form.
Introduction
In Russia, it has long been customary to teach a child to play with his fingers from an early age. These were such games as “Ladushki”, “Forty-white-sided”, etc. After washing the baby’s hands, they wiped them with a towel, as if massaging each finger individually.
It has been proven that fine work with fingers contributes to the development of speech in children. Therefore, it is very important to develop fine motor skills in a child from a very early age. But just doing exercises will be boring for the baby - you need to turn them into interesting and useful games.
Recently, on the packaging of children's games you can see the inscription: "For the development of fine motor skills of hands." Many parents have heard about this concept, but not everyone knows how to develop fine motor skills and why it needs to be done.
Now it is already known that at the initial stage of life, it is fine motor skills that reflect how your baby develops, testifies to his intellectual abilities. From how deftly a child learns to control his fingers at a very early age, his further development depends.
Under the term fine motor skills refers to the coordinated movements of the small muscles of the fingers and hands. They are important not only for performing various daily activities, but also for stimulating the development of the child's brain.
Along with the development of fine motor skills, memory, attention, and vocabulary of your baby develop.
Periods of development of the child in preschool age
The famous Italian educator Maria Montessori identified three periods in the development of children:
Development of children's speech (from 0 to 6 years). At this time, two important events take place. From 1 year to 2.5 years, the child's vocabulary is rapidly expanding. At 4-4.5 years old, he masters writing (but only under the condition of developed fine motor skills);
Perception of small objects (from 1.5 to 5.5 years). At this age, the child likes to play with buttons, beads, sticks, etc. With the help of such objects, the motor skills of the child's hands can be developed. Just make sure that the baby does not take them in his mouth;
Formation of the simplest self-service skills (from 1 year to 4 years). At this age, the child is taught to independently dress, eat and perform hygiene procedures.
1. Exercises for the development of fine motor skills are carried out in a complex, starting from the first months of a child's life.
2. In the set of exercises, try to include tasks for squeezing, relaxing and stretching the baby's hands.
3. Start or end with a hand massage session.
4. Carry out fine motor development work regularly, according to age and level. physical development baby.
5. First, the adult performs all movements with the hands of the baby, and as he masters, the child begins to do them on his own.
6. Carefully monitor that the exercises are performed correctly by the child. If the baby finds it difficult to complete any task, immediately help him: fix the desired position of the fingers, etc.
7. Alternate new and old games and exercises. After your child has mastered simple motor skills, move on to mastering more complex ones.
8. Perform certain movements while listening to (and then pronouncing the child) a poem.
9. Encourage the child's creative activity, let him come up with some exercises.
10. Conduct classes emotionally, actively, praise the baby for success, but do not forget to monitor his mood and physical condition.
Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 0 to 2 years
1. "Forty-white-sided"
First, the adult runs his finger along the child’s palm and says: “Magpie cooks porridge.” Then the baby himself begins to drive his finger along the palm. We complicate the game: on the phrase “I gave this,” the adult alternately bends the child’s fingers to the palm, except for the little finger: “But I didn’t give it.” Slightly shaking it, we say with a playful reproach: “You didn’t carry water ...”, etc.
white-sided magpie
cooked porridge,
She fed the kids.
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
But she didn't give it:
"You didn't carry water,
Didn't cut wood
Didn't cook porridge
You have nothing."
2. "Pancakes"
Take the baby's hands in your hands and clap your hands. Show your child the movements and ask them to repeat them.
Sweets, sweets,
Sound crackers.
Clapped their hands
They clapped a little.
3. "Okay"
Read the nursery rhyme and at the same time accompany the words with gestures
Sweeties, sweeties!
(Show the baby your palms.)
Where were you?
By Grandma.
What did they eat?
Porridge.
What did they drink?
Brazhka.
(Clap your hands.)
Butter bowl,
Brazhka sweetie,
Grandma is good.
Drink, eat!
Shu - fly!
They sat on the head.
(Raise your hands up, turning your palms to the right and left, then lower them with a “house” on your head.)
4. "House"
This is a house.
(Put both palms together.)
This is the roof.
(Join your palms and interlace your fingers.)
And the pipe is even higher.
(Raise all fingers up without disengaging them.)
5. "Hide and Seek"
Fingers play hide-and-seek,
Open-va-yut-sya,
(Raising your palm, spread all your fingers.)
Close-va-yut-sya.
(Put your fingers together and make a fist.)
6. Bunnies
Place all fingers of one hand on the table.
The bunnies went out into the meadow,
We got into a small circle.
One bunny, two bunnies, three bunnies,
Four bunnies, five...
(Count the bunny.)
Let's kick our toes.
(Tap all fingers on the table together or apart.)
They knocked, they knocked
And tired.
Sat down to rest.
(Bend your fingers into a fist.)
7. "Hello, finger"
Alternately touch the index, middle, ring fingers and little finger to the thumb.
Hello dear finger
Here we met with you.
8. "Strong fingers"
Bend your fingers and invite your baby to do the same. Then take it by the fingers and pull them each in your direction.
Massage of the palms and fingers for children from 0 to 2 years
Finger massage is very useful to a small child. Fingers are closely connected with the brain and internal organs: little finger - with the heart, ring finger - with the liver, middle - with the intestines and spine, index - with the stomach, large - with the brain.
2. Massage the baby's fingertips, making light pressure on them.
3. Massage the baby's palms with circular movements of the index finger.
4. Take the child's hand in your hand and lightly press the thumb to make circular motions in the center of the palm.
5. Massage your fingers with the circular spiral massager. Put the massager on the baby's finger and massage the fingers up and down in the same sequence (starting with the little finger).
6. Take two massage brushes and run them over the palms of the child. His hands are on his knees, palms up.
Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 2 years
1. "Fisherman"
Pour water into a bowl and throw in a few small items: pieces of cork, twigs, large beads etc. Invite the child, using a small sieve tied to a stick, to fish out all these items in turn and put them on a plate standing on a tray to the right of the bowl. The "fishing rod" the baby should hold with one hand.
2. "Track"
Make a path on the table 3-5 cm wide, bounded on both sides by strips of paper. Invite the baby to sprinkle it with semolina or millet. Groats should be taken with three fingers and try not to spill over the edges of the track.
3. "Magic spoon"
Put two cups on the tray: on the left - a cup with cereals, and on the right - an empty one. By moving the child's hand, show him how to take the cereal with a spoon. Gently bring the spoon to the empty cup and tilt it over it. Task: pour all the cereal from the left cup into the right one.
4. "Sweet tea"
Your baby can already put sugar in his tea on his own. Now teach him to stir the sugar in the mug.
5. Salute
The child takes small pieces of colored paper and tries to tear them as small as possible. He puts the torn pieces on a saucer. Then you need to take all the pieces in the palm of your hand and throw them up.
6. "Make a ball"
Give the child a sheet of paper. His task: to crumple the sheet so that a tight lump is obtained.
7. "Spyglass"
The child takes a sheet of A4 paper and folds it with both hands into a tube, after which he brings the tube to the eye and examines the surrounding objects into it.
8. "Collect sticks"
Scatter the counting sticks in front of the child. The kid must collect them all one by one back into the box.
Massage of the palms and fingers with a prickly massage ball
1. The ball is between the palms of the child, the fingers are pressed to each other. Make massage movements by rolling the ball back and forth.
2. The ball is between the palms of the child, the fingers are pressed to each other. Make circular motions by rolling the ball over your palms.
3. Holding the ball with your fingertips, rotate forward (as if you were screwing on a lid).
4. Holding the ball with your fingertips, press them firmly on the ball (4-6 times).
5. Holding the ball with your fingertips, rotate back (as if opening a lid).
6. Throw the ball with both hands to a height of 20-30 cm and catch it.
7. Hold the ball between the palms, the fingers are clasped in a “lock”, the elbows are directed to the sides. Press your palms on the ball (4-6 times).
8. Shift the ball from one hand to the other, gradually increasing the pace.
Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3 years old
1. "Labyrinth"
Draw a maze on a piece of paper. Let the baby pass over it with a pencil or just a finger. To make it more interesting for the child to complete the task, you can come up with a little fairy tale: tell where this labyrinth leads, to whom, who should go through it.
2. "Beads"
It develops the baby’s hand well by stringing buttons, beads, pasta, dryers, etc. on a fishing line or thread. Start with items that have a wider hole - so at first it will be easier for the baby to master this task.
3. "Walk the path"
Draw a simple path on a sheet in a large cell. Ask your child to circle it with a finger, a colored pencil. If the child copes with this task, draw a more difficult path.
4. "Figures"
From the age of 3, children can already be taught to cut geometric shapes with scissors and stick them on a sheet of paper. It is important that the scissors have rounded ends, that is, they are safe.
5. "Surprise"
Wrap the badge in 4-5 candy wrappers. Ask your child to unfold all the candy wrappers and fold them neatly.
6. "Pegs on a basket"
Place a basket of clothespins on the table. Take the clothespin with three fingers and attach it to the edge of the basket. Have your child do the same. After the baby has mastered this, invite him to attach all the clothespins.
7. "Colorful clothespins"
On the table is a basket with colorful clothespins. Ask the child to attach a white, red, blue, green ... color clothespin to the edge of the basket with three fingers.
8. "Treat"
Invite your child to mold treats for toys from plasticine (drying, bagels, gingerbread, cookies, sweets) and decorate them with cereals, beads, etc. Cut out plates from thick cardboard and ask the child to arrange the prepared treats beautifully on them.
finger games
A very important part of the development of fine motor skills are finger games that activate the child's brain, contribute to the development of speech and help prepare the hand for writing.
During these games, children develop dexterity, the ability to control their actions and concentrate on one type of activity.
By the age of 5, children are already learning to perform tasks that require sufficient accuracy and coordination of hand movements.
All the exercises suggested here should be performed at a slow pace, 3 to 5 times, first with one and then with the other hand. Make sure they are done correctly. Do the exercises for a few minutes, 2-3 times a day.
1. "Kitten"
Squeeze and unclench the fingers of both hands.
You, kitten, are not food!
You better look for your mom.
2. "Squirrel"
Unbend all fingers one by one, starting with the thumb. First do the exercise with your right hand, and then with your left.
A squirrel sits on a cart
She sells nuts
fox-sister,
Sparrow, titmouse,
Bear fat-fifth,
Mustachioed hare.
3. "Tsap-scratch"
The child puts his hand on top of yours. You read a poem, and the baby listens attentively to you. At the words “tac-scratch”, he must pull back the handle so that his fingers do not fall into your “trap”. Then the other hand comes into play. After a while, you can switch roles.
On the palm, on the path
Little cat walks
In small paws
Hid the scratches.
If you suddenly want -
Sharpens claws.
Tsap-scratch!
4. "Funny fingers"
Clench your fingers into a fist. Unbend them one by one, starting with the big one. Then turn the brush to the right and left 5 times.
Thumb - danced
Index - jumped,
Middle finger - squatted
Nameless - everything was spinning,
And the little finger was having fun.
5. "Fan"
Keep your palms in front of you, fingers pressed ("fan closed"). Spread widely, and then press your fingers together (“open and close the fan”). Wave your brushes towards you and away from you (“we fan ourselves”) 6-8 times.
6. "Peacock"
Attach all fingers of the left hand to the thumb. Palm right hand with open fingers, put it on the back of your left hand (“peacock tail”). Connect and spread your fingers ("peacock opens and closes the tail").
At the cheerful peacock
Fruit basket full.
A peacock is waiting for friends to visit,
For now, there is only one peacock.
7. "Butterfly"
Clench your fingers into a fist. Alternately straighten the little finger, ring and middle fingers, and connect the thumb and forefinger into a ring. With straightened fingers, make quick movements (“the butterfly flaps its wings”) - first with one, then with the other hand.
8. “Stand up for exercises!«
Bend your fingers to the palm one by one, starting with the little finger. Then thumb touch everyone else, as if raising them to charge. After that, do exercises - squeeze and unclench the fist 5 times.
Fifth finger - fast asleep.
The fourth finger was just dozing.
The third finger fell asleep.
The second finger was yawning.
The first finger stood up cheerfully,
Picked up everyone.
Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3-4 years old
1. "Cones on a plate"
Invite your child to roll pine, spruce, and cedar cones on a plate. First let him roll one bump, then two, three, etc.
2. Circle the object
You can circle everything that comes to hand: the bottom of a glass, an inverted saucer, your own palm, a spoon, etc.
3. "Magic Pattern"
Poke holes in thick cardboard with an awl or nail - they should be arranged in a certain order and represent a geometric figure, pattern or pattern. Let the kid independently embroider a pattern with a thick needle with a bright thread.
4. "Sew on a button"
Show your child how to sew on a button. After that, let the baby do the same under your supervision.
5. "Colorful snowflakes"
Show your child how to make paper snowflakes. Once your child is able to cut out the snowflake, ask him to color it. Let the child cut out a few more snowflakes and color them as well.
6. "Lace up your shoe"
Show your child how to lace up a shoe different ways. First, lace up the boot with it. Once your toddler has mastered the lacing technique, ask him to lace up the boot himself.
7. "Magic pipette"
Invite your child to play wizard. On a piece of paper, paint a few multi-colored spots with paints. Show your child how to use the dropper to drop only one drop. After that, let him drop a drop of water on each colored spot. Then watch with your child how the spot will grow and turn into a pattern.
8. "Little Apothecary"
Tell your child about the work of a pharmacist. Then show him how to use tweezers to lay out and shift the beads from place to place. In the game, you can use beads of different sizes.
Massage of palms and fingers with natural materials
For children 4 years old, you can offer a massage using pine, spruce, cedar cones, walnuts, hazelnuts.
1. "Twist the bump"
Take a pinecone and put it between your baby's palms. Ask the child to spin the bump (like a wheel) in different directions about 2-3 minutes.
2. "Roll the bump"
First, the exercise is performed with one spruce cone, then with two. Rotate the bumps between your palms for 1-3 minutes.
3. "Catch a bump"
Take any bump. Ask the child to throw it up with both hands, and then catch it with both hands as well. After the baby has mastered this exercise, you can complicate it: toss and catch the bump with one hand; throw a bump with your right hand, and catch it with your left - and vice versa. The duration of the exercise is 2 minutes.
4. "Walnut"
Roll the nut on the palm of your right hand, then on the back of your left hand. The duration of the exercise is approximately 3 minutes.
5. "Sprinkle nuts"
Pour a handful of hazelnuts from one hand to the other. The duration of the exercise is 1-2 minutes.
6. "Nuts on a tray"
Place a handful of hazelnuts on a tray. Roll the nuts with the palms of your hands and the backs of your hands. The duration of the exercise is 1-2 minutes.
7. "Grains"
Here you can use the most different cereals: buckwheat, rice, millet, etc. And exercises can also be very different: squeeze the grains in a fist, pour them from one hand to another, mix in a deep bowl, etc. The duration of each exercise is 3 minutes.
8. "Affectionate feather"
Draw the pen across the surface of the palms and the back of the child's hands. The duration of the exercise is 3 minutes.
Working with plasticine
Here you will need several copies of the figures in this section. This will allow your baby to acquire the skill of accurately working with plasticine. You can arrange an exhibition of his best works.
You will need plasticine of different colors.
1. "Snowman"
Invite your child to decorate the snowman with plasticine. Let the kid work hard and smear the plasticine with his fingers, without going beyond the boundaries of the outline of the picture.
